IT 213

OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM SUSE

2009-09-17T03:19:00.000-07:00

First of all
You can download openSUSE now from Softpedia. I suggest you download a DVD version (x86, 86_64 or PPC) if you have a DVD-ROM drive in your PC or laptop, so you won't have to change the CDs all the time. You can also take a look at the hardware requirements and other installation methods

SECOND

Insert the CD/DVD into your drive and boot from it, you will be prompted with a boot menu, you have a couple of options here, like F2 if you want another language for the installation process (English is default) or to select the resolution and the installation source use F3 respective F4 buttons, then just select "Installation" option and hit enter. After the kernel will be loaded and you'll see a very nice openSUSE blue boot screen, the wizard appears, asking you to choose the language of the installation process and to agree to the openSUSE license.

THIRD

At the Installation Mode screen just hit next and then you have to choose your time zone for the system clock. After you've hit next at the Clock and Time Zone screen, you will have to make a big choice, select a desktop environment, GNOME or KDE are the biggest rivals right now on the Linux desktop battle, but you also have an option to choose another window manager. I suggest you stick to both KDE and GNOME, so right now, at this screen, choose either GNOME or KDE, because on the next step of the installation process, we will choose the other desktop environment as well.

FOURTH

You will see now a summary of the Installation Settings, which comes in a Standard (default) and Expert (for power users) view. I will suggest using an empty hard drive for this installation; that means no other operating system on it, ok? The partition process is automatic and it will erase all your data from the selected hard drive. Now click on the "Software" link and you'll arrive to the detailed software selection screen. Here, as I've told you a few rows above, you can select the other desktop environment (Graphical Environments section), and also more other software, regarding your needs.

FIFTH

After you have finished with the packages selection, click the "Accept" button to return to the initial screen (Installation Settings) so you can carry on with the installation process. Before you will return to the Installation Settings screen, you may see some windows that notify you about the modification in the package selection or to accept some licenses of non open source software. Now hit again the "Accept" button and an installation confirmation will appear, hit the "Install" button and the installation will begin. It will take about 20-30 minutes, depending on the software selection and specs of your PC.

SIX

When the install process is over, the system will automatically reboot and it will continue with the final configurations for the system. First, you must select a root (System Administrator) password, and then, you have to choose a hostname and Domain Name for the system. After this, you will see a screen with Network Configurations.

SEVEN

By default, your network card will be configured with DHCP (dynamic IP address), but if you have a static IP address, you must click on the "Network Interfaces" link and setup your IP manually (you must know the Netmask, Gateway and DNS from your provider). Just hit next after you've done all the settings here, and then you have the option to test your network connection. If everything is successful, click the next button and you'll arrive to "Novell Customer Center Configuration" screen, where I simply suggest you click on the "Configure Later" option and carry on with the installer.

EIGHT

Some additional installation sources will be prompted for you to register, but this will take some time and you can add them later, so I suggest you select No and then click the next button so you can opt for the authentication method. I suggest to leave it as it is if you don't know what these settings do and hit the next button again. Now, you must create a user for the system, because it's not a very smart idea to operate a Linux system as root, especially if you're a beginner.

NINE

After you have created the user, you will see the release notes for openSUSE 10.2, which you can view later on the Yast control panel. Hit next and the installer will scan and setup your computer hardware. Take a good look here to see that everything was recognized as it's supposed to be. Normally, the installer will recognize and setup all your hardware correctly, if not, you can click on the hardware component that you consider it was not set up correctly and do extra configuration.

That's it! Congratulations! Click the "Finish" button and you'll be automatically logged in into your new openSUSE machine.

OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM Mac OS

2009-09-17T03:08:00.000-07:00

INSTALLATION PROCESS OF MAC OS

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Preparing for InstallationIf you plan to erase your hard disk or archive your current system without preservingyour users and network settings, you’ll need to note your current network settings tomake it easier to get connected again after installing Mac OS X. Go to SystemPreferences > Network, and then check for these settings:

If your network uses: Write down the following:

Ethernet, DSL, or cableconnected via DHCPNothing. DHCP

automatically configures your Internet connection.AirPort connected via DHCPAirPort or wireless network name and password provided by yourAirPort network administratorEthernet, DSL, or cableconnected manuallyInternet Protocol (IP) address (number that looks like 12.345.56.789)Subnet mask (number that looks like 10.255.255.255)Router address (number that looks like 10.208.32.2)Domain Name System (DNS) servers (optional number that lookslike 10.255.255.255, and name that looks like ISPname.com)Search domains (optional name that looks like ISPname.com)Dial-up modemTelephone number, user name, and password provided by yourservice providerDNS servers (optional number that looks like 10.255.255.255, andname that looks like ISPname.com)Search domains (optional name that looks like ISPname.com)
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Installing Mac OS XTo begin a custom installation of Mac OS X Leopard, follow these steps.

Step 1: Insert the Mac OS X Install discDouble-click the Install Mac OS X icon, and then click Restart. The installer opensautomatically when your computer restarts.WARNING: If you’re installing Mac OS X on your current Mac OS X startup disk, let theinstaller finish. If you quit, you may not be able to start up using your currentMac OS X startup disk.Double-click this iconon the Install disc.Click Restartto begin.
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Step 2: Follow the onscreen instructionsSelect the language you want to use, and then click the forward arrow. The Welcomescreen appears.The installer guides you through the installation process. Refer to the sections thatfollow for information about selecting a destination when you have more than onevolume, selecting installation options, and selecting additional software to install.

Step 3: Select a destinationOn the “Select a Destination” pane, select the volume on which you want to installMac OS X. The screen tells you how much space is required for installation.
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Step 4:

Select how you want to install Mac OS XClick the Options button to select “Archive and Install” or “Erase and Install.”

One of thefollowing screens appears:Select how you want to install Mac OS X, and then click OK. Click Continue when you’reready to proceed to the next pane.Install Mac OS XThis option appears if you don’t have Mac OS X installed on your computer or you havean early version of Mac OS X (v10.2.8) that can’t be upgraded.

Select this option toinstall Leopard on your computer.Archive and InstallSelect this option if you want to install a fresh system on your computer.“Archive and Install” moves your existing Mac OS X system files to a folder namedPrevious System, and then installs a new copy of Mac OS X on the selected volume.

Mac OS X–installed applications, such as Address Book and Safari, are archived, andnew versions are installed in the Applications folder.

Unless you choose “Preserve Users and Network Settings,” user accounts and theirhome folders are also archived in the Previous System folder.This is selected ifMac OS X is alreadyinstalled on the volume.This is selected if Mac OS Xisn’t installed.

Select the “Preserve Users and Network Settings”checkbox to import your existing useraccounts, home folders, and network settings into the new system.

User accountsinclude such things as:

Â Home folders and their contents

Â Preference settings

Â Address Book databases

Â Browser favorites

Â Network settings and locations

“Preserve Users and Network Settings” also copies the existing Shared folder in theUsers folder to your new system.

Note: You can’t start up your computer using the Previous System folder, but settings,preference files, fonts, plug-ins, and other items remain available in case you needthem.

Some applications, plug-ins, and other software may have to be reinstalled after an“Archive and Install.” Fonts that were installed in the Fonts folder in the top-levelLibrary folder can be installed in your new system by copying them from the PreviousSystem folder.

Erase and Install

This method completely erases the destination volume, and then installs a new copy ofMac OS X

Step 5: Select additional software packages to install

The default installation contains all the software you need to use Mac OS X. However,the Mac OS X Install disc contains additional software—such as printer drivers, fonts,and language translations—that you may want to install. To see the available packages,click Customize on the Install Summary screen.The Custom Install pane appears, as shown on the following page. Click the arrowsto reveal specific components. Select the software you want to install, and thenclick Done.WARNING: If you erase the destination volume, everything on the volume—youruser accounts, network settings, and all of your files and folders—will be deleted.If necessary, quit the installer and back up your files before you erase the destinationvolume.
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Note: You can always use the Mac OS X Install disc to install additional softwarepackages later.When you’re ready to install Mac OS X and the selected software, click Install on theInstall Summary screen.Click the arrow toreveal components.All componentswill be installed.Only the selectedcomponents willbe installed.
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WINDOWS VISTA INSTALLATION GUIDE

2009-09-17T02:35:00.000-07:00

WINDOWS VISTA OPERATING SYSTEM

INSTALLATION GUIDE

Important Information
This guide assumes a "clean" installation and not an "upgrade" from a previous OS. Ensure that you backup all of your important files (documents, music, etc) to CD/DVD/another hard drive before following these steps.

If you are using Hard Disks in a RAID or ACPI setup, you will first need to download the latest Vista compatible (32-bit or 64-bit) for your particular hardware before installing clean. Check with your chipset/hard drive controllers manufactures web site for the latest drivers/information before starting.

BEGINNING
After configuring the system for booting from a CD/DVD, the Windows Setup screen appears.

At this point, Setup is loading the driver files it needs to continue with installation.

Progress Bar: The next screen is a more graphical progress bar indicating Windows Vista is still working in the background.

Option Selections:
The first options you will come across are selections for Language, Time and currency format, and Keyboard layout.

Make your selections by using the pull down menus and press the Next button.

Install Now:
Here we have the option of repairing a previous installation or "Install Now."

Highlight the "Install Now" button to continue to the next screen.

Please Wait:
Windows Vista is working in the background. This may take several minutes depending on the system.

Product Key:
This screen is where you enter your product key or "CD Key" as it is sometimes called.

An option also exists to automatically activate Vista upon first coming online. I uncheck this box to ensure everything is running smoothly before activating and having issues later on. 30 days is the standard amount of time before activation is required, though some products (such as MSDN subscriptions) have 60 days or more.

After entering your product key, press the Next button.

License Agreement:
Here we see the License Agreement you must accept before continuing.

After reading the agreement, check the box next to "I accept the license terms".

Option Selections:
Here we would be able to choose an "Upgrade" install (if running setup from a previous version of Windows, such as XP) or a "Custom" (clean) install.

Select the whole box containing "Custom (advanced)" to continue to the next screen.

Product Key:
This screen is where you enter your product key or "CD Key" as it is sometimes called.

An option also exists to automatically activate Vista upon first coming online. I uncheck this box to ensure everything is running smoothly before activating and having issues later on. 30 days is the standard amount of time before activation is required, though some products (such as MSDN subscriptions) have 60 days or more.

After entering your product key, press the Next button.

License Agreement:
Here we see the License Agreement you must accept before continuing.

After reading the agreement, check the box next to "I accept the license terms".

Option Selections:
Here we would be able to choose an "Upgrade" install (if running setup from a previous version of Windows, such as XP) or a "Custom" (clean) install.

Select the whole box containing "Custom (advanced)" to continue to the next screen.

Hard Drives:
This is where you can select which hard drive/partition to install Vista on. Since this system only has one hard drive, only one place Vista can go. Advanced options are shown in the next screen shot.

This is also where you would install drivers for your ACPI/RAID/SATA controller by using the "Load Driver" option. After the installation of the ACPI/RAID/SATA drivers, your hard drives should appear as shown on the right.

If no additional drivers are needed, select the Next button.

Advanced Options:
The advanced options allow creation of multiple partitions and the option of formatting existing partitions.

After finishing your particular partition configuration that you desire, select the Next button.

Installing...:
Here is where Vista installs major components of the OS. This process can take 10 to 60 minutes depending on the system.

Reboot:
Here we see the system needing to reboot to continue installation tasks.

You can hit the Restart Now button or just allow the reboot to happen automatically after several seconds.

First Time:
Here we see a "..." progress as Vista tries to start for the first time. This process may take several minutes before going to the next screen.

Completing Installation:
Vista continues to install at this screen. Depending on system, another reboot or two may happen before the next screen is displayed.

Account Creation:
Here is where we create the first user account for the system and select an icon to be displayed on the login screen. Ensure you password your account.

After finishing entering your information and icon selection, select the Next button.

PC Name:
Here is where we can name the system for networking purposes. By default, it uses the account name entered in the previous step and adds "-PC" to it. We can also select a background for the desktop.

After making your selection, select the Next button.

Updates:
Here we can configure Windows Update with several options. I suggest "Use recommended options" or the top option for most PC users.

Time Settings:
Here is where you can set the time and daylight savings time options.

After configuring your time zone, clock settings and date, select the Next button.

Network Configuration:
Vista now asks our network configuration by asking "Home, Work or Public Place."

Descriptions are expanded on screen so I will no go into them here.

Make your selection to continue to the next screen.

FINISH:
On this screen, we are thanked by Bill G. for installing Windows Vista.

After you are done being thanked, select the Next button.

WINDOWS XP PROFESSIONAL OS

2009-09-17T02:21:00.000-07:00

INSTALLATION PROCESS OF WINDOWS XP PROFESSIONAL

Using "fdisk" does not have to be a difficult chore. If you know what to expect, it is a rather easy task.

Note: If you are "clean" installing Windows 2000, XP Home or XP Pro, and do not wish to multi-boot your system, you do not have to run fdisk before hand as, during the install process, options for creating partitions are built in.

WARNING: Using fdisk to "resize" or recreate a partition will effectively destroy what ever information you have on your hard drive. Do not use fdisk if you wish to save any information that it may contain.

Image 1.1: (4KB .gif)

1) Boot using a Floppy: (Image 1.1)

I use a Windows Me created boot floppy to run fdisk because:

It contains the "latest" fdisk utility
The boot floppy has built in CD ROM support

I always start with CD ROM support, so I picked option 2.

Image 1.2: (8KB .gif)

2) Virus Warning: (Image 1.2)

If no partitions are detected, such as a new hard drive, the Windows Me boot disk is rather helpful in telling you this fact. At this point, do not be alarmed at the "virus warning" statement, as it is generic.

At the "command prompt," in this example, A:, type "fdisk" without the quotes.

Image 1.3: (8KB .gif)

3) Large Disk Support: (Image 1.3)

Unless you have a need, ensure that you enable "Large Disk Support."

Why would you "not" want this? If you have any requirements for DOS, Win3.1, Win95, or WinNT to access the partitions, you may not be able to if the partitions are greater than 2.1 GB.

I selected "Y" for yes.

Image 1.4: (4KB .gif)

4) Main Menu: (Image 1.4)

The main menu offers few, but powerful options.

If you have a new drive or one that has previous partitions already deleted, you may jump to that section, below, but it would be a good idea to look over this process, just in case you will need to perform it.

Here, I selected "3" to "Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive."

You may also select "4" to display current partition information.

Image 1.5: (4KB .gif)

5) Extended Space: (Image 1.5)

If you have more than one partition already defined, you will need to delete the ones located in the "Extended" space.

Select "3" to do just that.

Image 1.6: (5KB .gif)

6) Choose Partition to Delete: (Image 1.6)

Here, you may choose which, if any, partitions you need to delete. If you want to resize your "Primary" partition, you will need to delete all existing partitions, redefine the Primary partition, then recreate (described below) the Extended partition section.

I chose to delete the partition (drive) marked as "E:" here. Choose what is best for your setup.

Image 1.7: (5KB .gif)

7) Are you sure? (Image 1.7)

A prompt will appear to ensure that you know what you are doing. You must type the "Volume" name of the partition, hit enter, then choose "Y" to continue with the delete.

Delete as many as you desire. After clearing out the Extended partition, you may delete the primary partition from the main menu and resize it as necessary.

Image 1.8: (5KB .gif)

8) Create Primary Partition: (Image 1.8)

Here, we need to create the Primary partition by selecting "1" from the main fdisk menu.

Image 1.9: (4KB .gif)

9) Create Primary DOS Partition: (Image 1.9)

If no partitions have been defined, select "1" to create Primary DOS Partition.

If you have already created a Primary Partition, skip the next few steps.

Image 1.10: (2KB .gif)

10) Scan Hard Drive: (Image 1.10)

The hard disk will now be scanned searching for problems.

Take note: This process may take a some time, a very long time on "large" drives.

Image 1.11: (3KB .gif)

11) All available space? (Image 1.11)

If you wish to create the Primary partition using all available space, select "Y" at the prompt. Otherwise, choose "N" to define something smaller.

Image 1.12: (3KB .gif)

12) Scan Hard Drive: (Image 1.12)

Again, the drives integrity is scanned.

No one ever accused fdisk of being a "speedy" solution.

Image 1.13: (4KB .gif)

13) Enter Size in MB: (Image 1.13)

Enter in the amount of space, in MegaBytes, that you wish to use for your Primary partition.

Image 1.14: (3KB .gif)

14) Updated partition information: (Image 1.14)

After choosing an amount, the partition information is displayed. Here, I choose "1000 MB" for my Primary partition.

Hit "ESC" to continue with fdisk.

Image 1.15: (4KB .gif)

15) Make active partition: (Image 1.15)

A warning will appear under the main menu explaining the importance of an "active" partition. Really, this is no longer required, but for compatibility's sake, I choose to make a partition active, anyway.

Select "2" to set the active partition.

Image 1.16: (4KB .gif)

16) Choose active partition: (Image 1.16)

Setting the active partition is as easy as choosing the number next to "C:." In this example, it is "1."

Image 1.17: (24KB .gif)

17) Create Extended DOS Partition: (Image 1.17)

You now can create the "extended partition" portion of the hard drive. It is subject to debate whether this step is required, but, once again, for compatibility purposes, I choose to do so.

Select "2" to Create the Extended DOS Partition.

Image 1.18: (24KB .gif)

18) Choose space allocated: (Image 1.18)

Choose how much space the Extended partition is allowed to use.

Under usual circumstances, choose all. Your requirements may vary, but I have yet to find a reason "not" to choose all of the remaining space.

Image 1.19: (24KB .gif)

19) Updated partition information: (Image 1.19)

The partition information will be displayed, including your previous "Primary" and now your "Extended" partition information.

Hit "ESC" to continue.

Image 1.20: (24KB .gif)

20) Scan Hard Drive: (Image 1.20)

Once again, the drive will be verified.

Image 1.21: (24KB .gif)

21) Enter Size in MB: (Image 1.21)

Choose the amount of each additional partition, up to the maximum size.

Here, I chose 2000 MB.

Image 1.22: (24KB .gif)

22) Updated partition information: (Image 1.22)

The Partition information is displayed, as well as drive integrity confirmed.

At this point, you may continue defining partitions, or exit out and define them using the setup program of a "newer" OS, like Linux, Win2k, or XP. Again, Win9x/Me does not have the option of partition creation during setup.

Image 1.23: (24KB .gif)

23) Additional Partitions: (Image 1.23)

Here, I defined 3 additional partitions, not including the Primary one, taking up all of the available space.

Hit "ESC" to continue.

Image 1.24: (24KB .gif)

24) Reboot System: (Image 1.24)

You are prompted with a "restart" message.

This is a vital step. Ensure that you do restart the computer before continuing with the installation of any OS. I even power down the computer, but that is not necessary.

INSTALLATION PROCESS STARTS AFTER REBOOTING

2009-08-27T02:52:00.000-07:00

Resource-Allocation Graph

Resource Allocation Graph SLIDE # 8:

In slide #9 the graph shows that the R1 is holding for the instance in P2, the P2 is requesting

for instance in R3 then R3 is holding an instances of P3. The R2 has 2 instances whis is holding

the instances of P1 and P2. Then the R4 is null.

Resource Allocation Graph SLIDE # 9:

In slide #9 the graph shows that R1 is holding for the instance in P2, the P2 is requesting

for instance in R3, then R3 is holding an instance in P3, P3 is requesting for instance is R2, then

R2 has 2 instances which is holding the instances of P1 and P2. The R4 is null.

Resource Allocation Graph SLIDE # 10:

In slide #10 the graph shows that P1 is requesting for instance in R1 which has 2 instances. The

R1 is holding the instances of P2 and P3. P3 is requesting instance from R2. R2 contains 2

instances which holding the instances of P1 and P4.

Resource Allocation Graph SLIDE # 20:

In slide #20 the graph shows that R1 is holding the instances of P1, then P1 is requesting for a

resource in R2, P2 is requesting intance for R1 and P2 is requesting for a resource in R2.

Resource Allocation Graph SLIDE # 21:

In slide #21 the graph shows that R1 is holding the instances of P1, then P1 is requesting for a resource in R2, then R2 is holding the instances of P2 and P2 is requesting instance of R1.

DEADLOCK

2009-08-27T01:59:00.000-07:00

RESOURCE ALLOCATION GRAPH

A set of vertices V and a set of edges E.

�V is partitioned into two types:

* P = {P1, P2, …, Pn}, the set consisting of all the processes in the system.

* R = {R1, R2, …, Rm}, the set consisting of all resource types in the system.

� Request edge – directed edge P1 ® Rj

� Assignment edge – directed edge Rj ® Pi

�Process

�Resource Type with 4 instances

�Pi requests instance of Rj

�Pi is holding an instance of Rj

How would you know if there is a deadlock based on the Resource Allocator Graph?

� If graph contains a cycle :

* if only one instance per resource type, then deadlock.
* if several instances per resource type, possibility of deadlock.

DEADLOCK

2009-08-20T04:04:00.000-07:00

DEADLOCK RECOVERY

{} Recovery from Deadlock: Process Termination {}

� Abort all deadlocked processes.

� Abort one process at a time until the deadlock cycle is eliminated.

� In which order should we choose to abort?

* Priority of the process.

* How long process has computed, and how much longer to completion.

* Resources the process has used.

* Resources process needs to complete.F How many processes will need to be terminated.

* Is process interactive or batch?

� Abort all deadlocked processes - this method clearly will break the deadlock cycle, but at a great expense, since these processes may have computed for a long time, and the results of these partial computations must be discarded, and probably must be recomputed later.

� Abort one process at a time until the deadlock cycle is eliminated - this method incurs considerable overhead, since, after each process is aborted, a deadlock-detection algorithm must be invoked to determine whether any processes are still deadlock.

� Minimum cost

{} Recovery from Deadlock: Resource Preemption {}

� Selecting a victim – minimize cost.

� Rollback – return to some safe state, restart process for that state.

� Starvation – same process may always be picked as victim, include number of rollback in cost factor.

DEADLOCK

2009-08-20T04:00:00.000-07:00

DEADLOCK DETECTION

� An algorithm that examines the state of the system to determine whether a deadlock has occurred

� An algorithm to recover from the deadlock

� Allow system to enter deadlock state

� Detection algorithmn

� Recovery scheme

DEADLOCK

2009-08-20T03:54:00.000-07:00

DEADLOCK PREVENTION

The case of never enter.

Restrain the ways request can be made (at least one of the necessary conditions should not be true).

� Mutual Exclusion – not required for sharable resources; must hold for nonsharable resources.In general not possible to prevent deadlock by this, some resources are intrinsically non-sharable

� Hold and Wait – must guarantee that whenever a process requests a resource, it does not hold any other resources.

* Require process to request and be allocated all its resources before it begins execution, or allow process to request resources only when the process has none.

* Low resource utilization; starvation possible.

� No Preemption –

* If a process that is holding some resources requests another resource that cannot be immediately allocated to it,then all resources currently being held are released.

* Preempted resources are added to the list of resources for which the process is waiting.

* Process will be restarted only when it can regain its old resources, as well as the new ones that it is requesting.

� Circular Wait – impose a total ordering of all resource types, and require that each process requests resources in an increasing order of enumeration.

DEADLOCK

2009-08-20T03:48:00.000-07:00

METHOD FOR HANDLING DEADLOCKS

Never enter (prevention & avoidance), detect/recover, ignore…

� We can use a protocol to ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock state.
� We can allow the system to enter a deadlock� state and then recover
� We can ignore the problem all together, and pretend that deadlocks never occur in the system.

� This solution is the one used by most operating systems, including UNIX.
� Deadlock prevention is a set of methods for ensuring that at least one of the necessary conditions cannot hold.
� Deadlock avoidance, on the other hand, requires that the operating system be given in advance additional information concerning which resources a process will request and use during its lifetime.

� Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock state.

� Allow the system to enter a deadlock state and then recover.

� Ignore the problem and pretend that deadlocks never occur in the system; used by most operating systems, including UNIX.

DEADLOCK

2009-08-20T03:38:00.000-07:00

DEADLOCK CHARACTERIZATION

Deadlock can arise if four conditions hold simultaneously.

Mutual exclusion - only one process at a time can use a (non-sharable) resource.

Hold and wait - a process holding at least one resource is waiting to acquire additional resources held by other processes.

No preemption - a resource can be released only voluntarily by the process holding it, after that process has completed its task.

Circular wait - there exists a set {P0, P1, …, P0} of waiting processes such that P0 is waiting for a resource that is held by P1, P1 is waiting for a resource that is held by P2, …, Pn–1 is waiting for a resource that is held by Pn, and P0 is waiting for a resource that is held by P0.

2009-08-18T01:24:00.000-07:00

Thread Scheduling

• Executes separate from the rest of the process
• An application can be a set of threads that cooperate and execute concurrently in the same address space
• Threads running on separate processors yields a dramatic gain in performance
• Local Scheduling – How the threads library decides which thread to put onto an available LWP
• Global Scheduling – How the kernel decides which kernel thread to run next

2009-08-18T01:22:00.000-07:00

Multiprocessor Scheduling

• Very little has to be done to schedule a multiprocessor system.
• Whenever a CPU needs a process to run, it takes the next task from the ready list.
• The scheduling queue must be accessed in a critical section. Busy waiting is usually used.
• Load sharing

– Processes are not assigned to a particular processor
• Gang scheduling
– A set of related threads is scheduled to run on a set of processors at the same time
• Dedicated processor assignment
– Threads are assigned to a specific processor
• Dynamic scheduling
– Number of threads can be altered during course of execution

Will consider only shared memory multiprocessor
Salient features:
One or more caches: cache affinity is important
Semaphores/locks typically implemented as spin-locks: preemption during critical sections
Central queue – queue can be a bottleneck
Distributed queue – load balancing between queue

2009-08-15T06:34:00.000-07:00

REAL - TIME SCHEDULING

• Many real time systems run a known collection of tasks. The execution time of the tasks is frequently known ahead of time.

• Tasks have deadlines by which they must complete.

• If a task that runs for 3 time units must be done at time 10, it must start by time 7.

• If two tasks that runs for 3 time units each must be done at time 10, one must start by time 4.

• Hard real-time systems – required to complete a critical taskwithin a guaranteed amount of time.

• Soft real-time computing – requires that critical processesreceive priority over less fortunate ones.

Correctness of the system may depend not only on the logical result of the computation but alsoon the time when these results are produced,

example:

– Tasks attempt to control events or to react to eventsthat take place in the outside world

– These external events occur in real time andprocessing must be able to keep up

– Processing must happen in a timely fashion

• neither too late, nor too early

• EDF – Earliest Deadline First Scheduling

• Static table-driven
– Table determines at run time when a task begins execution
• Static priority-driven preemptive
– Traditional priority-driven scheduler is used
• Dynamic planning-based
– Feasibility determined at run time
• Dynamic best effort
– No feasibility analysis is performed

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SUBSTANIAL INFORMATION ABOUT THREADS OF OS

WINDOWS NT’s Threads

Processes in NT can consist of one or more threads.

[] Primary thread - When a process is created, one thread is generated along with it.

This object is then scheduled on a system wide basis by the kernel to execute on a processor.
After the primary thread has started, it can create other threads that share its address space and system resources but have independent contexts, which include execution stacks and thread specific data. A thread can execute any part of a process' code, including a part currently being executed by another thread.

It is through threads, provided in the Win32 application programmer interface (API), that Windows NT allows programmers to exploit the benefits of concurrency and parallelism.

[ ] Fiber - is NT’s smallest user-level object of execution. It executes in the context of a thread and is unknown to the operating system kernel. A thread can consist of one or more fibers as determined by the application programmer. ˝Some literature ˝[1,11] assume that there is a one-to-one mapping of userlevel objects to kernel-level objects, this is inaccurate. Windows NT does ˝provide the means for many-to-many ˝scheduling. However, NT's design is poorly documented and the application programmer is responsible for the control of fibers such as allocating memory, scheduling them on threads and preemption.

Solaris’s LWPs and Threads

[ ] light weight process (LWP) - Solaris’s smallest kernel-level object of execution.

A Solaris process consists of one or more light weight processes. Like NT’s thread, each LWP shares its address space and system resources with LWPs of the same process and has its own context. However, unlike NT, Solaris allows programmers to exploit parallelism through a user-level object that is built on light weight processes.

In Solaris, a thread is the smallest user-level object of execution. Like Windows NT's fiber, they
are not executable alone.

[ ] Solaris thread

* execute in the context of a light weight process.

* implemented and controlled by a system library.

The library controls the mapping and scheduling of threads onto LWPs automatically.

[ ] mapping - determined by the library or the application programmer. Since the threads execute in the context of a light weight process, the operating system kernel is unaware of their existence.

Solaris's thread library defines two types of threads according to scheduling.

[ ] bound thread is one that permanently executes in the context of a light weight process in which no other threads can execute. Consequently, the bound thread is scheduled by the operating system kernel on a system wide basis.

[ ] unbound thread is one that can execute in the context of any LWP of the same process. Solaris uses the thread library for the scheduling of these unbound threads. The library works by creating a pool of light weight processes for any requesting process. The initial size of the pool is one. The size can be automatically adjusted by the library or can be defined by the application programmer through a programmatic interface. It ˝is the library’s task to increase or decrease the pool size to meet the requirements of an application. Consequently, the pool size determines the concurrency level (CL) of the process. The threads of a process are scheduled on a LWP in the pool, by using a priority based, first-in first-out (FIFO) algorithm. The priority is the primary algorithm and FIFO is the secondary algorithm (within the same priority). In addition, a
thread with a lower priority may be preempted from a LWP by higher priority thread or by a library call.

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CPU SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS

First-Come, First Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling

This non-preemptive scheduling algorithm follows the first-in, first-out (FIFO) policy. As each process becomes ready, it joins the ready queue. When the current running process finishes execution, the oldest process in the ready queue is selected to run next.

Shortest-Job Job-First (SJF) Scheduling

Associate with each process the length of its next CPU burst. Use these lengths to schedule the process with the shortest time

Two schemes:

􀁺 nonpreemptive –once CPU given to the process it cannot be preempted until completes its CPU burst

􀁺 preemptive –if a new process arrives with CPU burst length less than remaining time of current executing process, preempt. This scheme is know as theShortest-Remaining-Time-First (SRTF)

SJF is optimal –gives minimum average waiting time for a given set of processes

Round Robin (RR)

􀂄 Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum), usually 10-100 milliseconds. After this time has elapsed, the process is preempted and added to the end of the ready queue.

􀂄 RR is designed specially for time-sharing systems.

􀂄 A small unit of time, called a time quantum or time slice, is defined.

􀂄 The ready queue is treated as a circular queue. The CPU scheduler goes around the ready queue, allocating the CPU to each process for a time interval of up to 1 time quantum.

􀂄 If there are nprocesses in the ready queue and the time quantum is q, then each process gets 1/nof the CPU time in chunks of at most qtime units at once. No process waits more than (n-1)q time units.

􀂄 Performance

􀁺 qlarge

⇒ FIFO

􀁺 q small

⇒ q must be large with respect to context switch, otherwise overhead is too high

Shortest Remaining Time (SRT)

This preemptive scheduling algorithm favors processes with the shortest remaining expected process time. As each process becomes ready, it joins the ready queue. This triggers an interrupt which preempts the current running process back into the ready queue. The process in the ready queue with the shortest remaining service time is selected to run next.

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THREAD LIBRARY

[ ] Thread Library schedules user-level threads to run on LWP
[ ] Thread management done by user-level Threads Library
[ ] The Thread Library is responsible for scheduling user threads on the available schedulable entities; this makes context switching of threads very fast, as it avoids system calls. However, this increases complexity and the likelihood of priority inversion, as well as suboptimal scheduling without extensive (and expensive) coordination between the userland scheduler and the kernel scheduler.

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Multi - threading Models

Many-to-One Model

[ ]Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread

* Thread management is done in user space

* Blocking problem

* No support for running in parallel on MP

* Used on systems that do not support kernel threads.

* Green-threads library in Solaris 2

One-to-One Model
[ ]Each user-level thread maps to a kernel thread

* Creating a user thread requires creating the corresponding kernel thread

* Overhead

* Restrict the number of threads supported by the OS

•Examples

* Windows NT/2000

* OS/2

Many-to-Many Model

[ ] Multiplex many user-level threads to a smaller or equal number of kernel threads

[ ] Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads.

[ ] Allows OS to create a sufficient number of kernel threads.

•Examples

* Solaris 2, IRIX, HP-UX, Tru64 UNIX

* Windows NT/2000 with the ThreadFiber package

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Kernel Thread

[ ] Kernel maintains context information for the process and the threads

[ ] Supported by the Kernel

[ ] Slower to create and manage threads than are user threads

[ ] If a thread performs a blocking system call, then the kernel can schedule another thread in the application for execution.

[ ] Multiple threads are able to run in parallel on multiprocessors.

[ ] Scheduling is done on a thread basis

[ ] Slower to create and manage

[ ] If a thread performs a blocking system call, the kernel can schedule another thread in the application for execution

[ ] Can take advantage of a multi-processor environment

Examples

{}Windows 95/98/NT/2000

{}Solaris

{}Tru64 UNIX

{}BeOS

{}Linux

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Thread

[ ] Lightweight process (LW)

[ ] Basic unit of CPU utilization

[ ] A thread comprises a thread ID, a program counter, a register set, and a stack

[ ] A thread shares with other threads belonging to the same process its code section, data section, and other OS resources, such as open files and signals

[ ] A process with multiple threads can do more than one task at a time

Single-Threaded Process

Single threaded programs have one path of execution, and multi-threaded programs have two or more paths of execution. Single threaded programs can perform only one task at a time, and have to finish each task in sequence before they can start another. For most programs, one thread of execution is all you need, but sometimes it makes sense to use multiple threads in a program to accomplish multiple simultaneous tasks.

Multi-Threaded Process

Multithreading as a widespread programming and execution model allows multiple threads to exist within the context of a single process. These threads share the process' resources but are able to execute independently. The threaded programming model provides developers with a useful abstraction of concurrent execution. However, perhaps the most interesting application of the technology is when it is applied to a single process to enable parallel execution on a multiprocessor system.

Multithreading computers have hardware support to efficiently execute multiple threads. These are distinguished from multiprocessing systems (such as multi-core systems) in that the threads have to share the resources of single core: the computing units, the CPU caches and the translation lookaside buffer(TLB). Where multiprocessing systems include multiple complete processing units, multithreading aims to increase utilization of a single core by leveraging thread-level as well as instruction-level parallelism. As the two techniques are complementary, they are sometimes combined in systems with multiple multithreading CPUs and in CPUs with multiple multithreading cores.

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User Threads

[ ] Thread management done by user-level threads library

[ ] No support from the kernel (The kernel is not aware of the existence of threads)

[ ] Fast to create and manage

[ ] Block all threads for a blocking system call if the kernel is single threaded

[ ] Cannot take advantage of multi-processors

 Three primary thread libraries:

 POSIX Pthreads

 Win32 threads

 Java threads

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BENEFITS OF MULTITHREADED PROGRAMMING

BENEFITS

 Responsiveness

 Resource Sharing

 Economy

 Utilization of MP Architectures

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INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION

- - -is a set of techniques for the exchange of data among multiple threads in one or more processes. Processes may be running on one or more computers connected by a network. IPC techniques are divided into methods for message passing, synchronization, shared memory, and remote procedure calls (RPC). The method of IPC used may vary based on the bandwidth and latency of communication between the threads, and the type of data being communicated. - - -

DIRECT COMMUNICATION

[ ] Sender/receiver refer to each other, as seen before

[ ] Properties of communication link

– Link is established automatically between communicating processes

– Link is associated with exactly two processes

– Exactly one link for every pair of processes

[ ] Communication is symmetric (above) or asymmetric

– send(P,m) // send a message to P

– receive(&id, m) // receive from any process, set id to sender

INDIRECT COMMUNICATION

[ ] Communication via mailboxes (or ports)

[ ] Processes communicate by putting and taking messages in/from mailboxes

– send(A, m) and receive(A,m)

[ ] Properties of communication link

– A link is established between two processes, if they share a mailbox
– Link maybe associated with more than two processes
– A number of different links may exist between any pair of processes; each one a separate mailbox

SYNCHRONIZATION

- - - is timekeeping which requires the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. The familiar conductor of an orchestra serves to keep the orchestra in time. Systems operating with all their parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync. Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous. For some applications relative offsets between events need to be determined, for others only the order of the event is important. - - -

[ ] BLOCKING SEND – sender blocked until message is received by receiver (or by mailbox)

[ ] NON - BLOCKING SEND – sending process resumes operation right after sending

[ ] BLOCKING RECEIVE – receiver blocks until message is available

[ ] NON - BLOCKING RECEIVE – receiver retrieves a valid message or returns an error code

BUFFERING

[ ] Zero capacity – queue has length 0, no messages can be outstanding on link, sender blocks for
message exchange

[ ] Bounded capacity – queue has length N, N messages can be in queue at any point in time, sender blocks if queue is full, otherwise it may continue to execute

[ ] Unbounded capacity – queue has infinite length, sender never blocks

PRODUCER COUNTER EXAMPLE

[ ] PRODUCER – generates an integer between 0 and 9 (inclusive), then stores it in a CubbyHole object. To make the synchronization problem more interesting, the Producer sleeps for a random amount of time between 0 and 100 milliseconds before repeating the number generating cycle.

[ ] CONSUMER – consumes all integers from the CubbyHole (the exact same object into which the Producer put the integers in the first place) as quickly as they become available.

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Interprocess Communication (IPC)

[ ] Mechanism for processes to communicate and to synchronize their actions.

[ ] Message system – processes communicate with each other without resorting to shared variables.

[ ] IPC facility provides two operations:

* send(message) –message size fixed or variable
* receive(message)

[ ] If P and Q wish to communicate, they need to:

* establish a communication link between them
* exchange messages via send/receive

[ ] Implementation of communication link

* physical (e.g., shared memory, hardware bus) considered later
* logical (e.g., logical properties) now

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Cooperating Processes

[ ] Independent process cannot affect or be affected by the execution of another process.

[ ] Cooperating process can affect or be affected by the execution of another process

[ ] Advantages of process cooperation:

* Information sharing
* Computation speed-up
* Modularity
* Convenience

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Operations on Processes

Process Creation

[ ] Parent process creates children processes, which, in turn create other processes, forming a tree of processes.
* Resource sharing
[ ] Parent and children share all resources.
[ ] Children share subset of parent’s resources.
[ ] Parent and child share no resources.
* Execution
* Parent and children execute concurrently.
* Parent waits until children terminate.
[ ] Address space
* Child duplicate of parent.
* Child has a program loaded into it.
[ ] UNIX examples
* fork system call creates new process
* fork returns 0 to child , process id of child for parent
* exec system call used after a fork to replace the process’ memory space with a new program.

Process Termination

[ ] Process executes last statement and asks the operating system to delete it (exit).
* Output data from child to parent (via wait).
* Process’ resources are deallocated by operating system.
[ ] Parent may terminate execution of children processes (abort).
* Child has exceeded allocated resources.
* Task assigned to child is no longer required.
* Parent is exiting.
= Operating system does not allow child to continue if its parent terminates.
= Cascading termination.
* In Unix, if parent exits children are assigned init as parent

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Process Scheduling

Scheduling Queue

[ ] The operating System must allocate resources to processes, enable processes to share and exchange information, protect the resources of each process from other processes and enable synchronization amongst process.

[ ] Job queue – set of all processes in the system.

[ ] Ready queue – set of all processes residing in main memory, ready and waiting to execute.

[ ] Device queues – set of processes waiting for an I/O device.

[ ] Processes migrate between the various queues.

Schedulers

[ ] Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) – selects which processes should be brought into the ready queue.

[ ] Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) – selects which process should be executed next and allocates CPU.

[ ] Short-term scheduler is invoked very frequently (milliseconds) ﬁ (must be fast).

[ ] Long-term scheduler is invoked very infrequently (seconds, minutes) ﬁ (may be slow).

[ ] The long-term scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming.

[ ] Processes can be described as either:

* I/O-bound process – spends more time doing I/O than computations, many short CPU bursts.

* CPU-bound process – spends more time doing computations; few very long CPU bursts.

Context Switch

[ ] When CPU switches to another process, the system must save the state of the old process and load the saved state for the new process.

[ ] Context-switch time is overhead; the system does no useful work while switching.

[ ] Time dependent on hardware support.

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The Concept of Process

[ ] An operating system executes a variety of programs

* Batch system – jobs
* Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks

[ ] Textbook uses the terms job and process almost interchangeably.

[ ] Process – a program in execution; process execution must progress in sequential fashion.

[ ] A process includes:

* program counter
* stack
* data section

Process State

[ ] As a process executes, it changes state

* new: The process is being created.
* running: Instructions are being executed.
* waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur.
* ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor
* terminated: The process has finished execution.

Diagram of Process State

Process Control Block (PCB)

Information associated with each process.

[ ] Process ID
[ ] Process state
[ ] Program counter
[ ] CPU registers
[ ] CPU scheduling information
[ ] Memory-management information
[ ] Accounting information
[ ] I/O status information

Process Control Block (PCB) :

Threads

[ ] Results from a fork of a computer program into two or more concurrently running tasks.

[ ] The implementation of threads and processes differs from one operating system to another, but in most cases, a thread is contained inside a process.

[ ] Multiple threads can exist within the same process and share resources such as memory, while different processes do not share these resources.

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System Generation

A process that creates a particular and uniquely specified operating system; it combines user-specified options and parameters with manufacturer-supplied general-purpose or nonspecialized program subsections to produce an operating system (or other complex software) of the desired form and capacity. Abbreviated sysgen.

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System Boot

Operating system must be made available to hardware so hardware can start it

Small piece of code – bootstrap loader, locates the kernel, loads it into memory, and starts it

Sometimes two-step process where boot block at fixed location loads bootstrap loader

When power initialized on system, execution starts at a fixed memory location
Firmware used to hold initial boot code

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Virtual Machine

- Is a software implementation of a machine (computer) that executes programs like a real machine.

- Provides a complete system platform which supports the execution of a complete operating system (OS).

- Takes the layered approach to its logical conclusion. It treats hardware and the operating system kernel as though they were all hardware.

IMPLEMENTATION

- Modes:
virtual user mode and virtual monitor mode,
Actual user mode and actual monitor mode
-Time
Whereas the real I/O might have taken 100 milliseconds, the virtual I/O might take less time (because it is spooled) or more time (because it is interpreted.)
The CPU is being multi-programmed among many virtual machines, further slowing down the virtual machines in unpredictable ways.

BENEFITS

- concept provides complete protection of system resources since each virtual machine is isolated from all other virtual machines.

- perfect vehicle for operating-systems research and development. System development is done on the virtual machine, instead of on a physical machine and so does not disrupt normal system operation.

- multiple OS environments can co-exist on the same computer, in strong isolation from each other

- the virtual machine can provide an instruction set architecture (ISA) that is somewhat different from that of the real machine

- application provisioning, maintenance, high availability and disaster recovery

EXAMPLE

- A program written in Java receives services from the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) software by issuing commands to, and receiving the expected results from, the Java software. By providing these services to the program, the Java software is acting as a "virtual machine", taking the place of the operating system or hardware for which the program would ordinarily be tailored.

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System Structure

Simple Structure

– any part of the system may use the functionality of the rest of
the system
– MS-DOS (user programs can call low level I/O routines)

Layered Approach

– layer n can only see the functionality that layer n-1 exports
– provides good abstraction from the lower level details
• new hardware can be added if it provides the interface required of a particular layer
– system call interface is an example of layering
– can be slow if there are too many layers

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System Calls

Provide the interface between application programs and the kernel
Are like procedure calls

– take parameters
– calling routine waits for response
Permit application programs to access protected resources

Process Control

– create/terminate a process (including self)

File Management

– open, create
– read, write
– close, delete
– get or set file attributes

Also referred to as simply a file system or filesystem. The system that an operating system or program uses to organize and keep track of files. For example, a hierarchical file system is one that uses directories to organize files into a tree structure.

Although the operating system provides its own file management system, you can buy separate file management systems. These systems interact smoothly with the operating system but provide more features, such as improved backup procedures and stricter file protection.

Device Management

Device Management is a set of technologies, protocols and standards used to allow the remote management of mobile devices, often involving updates of firmware over the air (FOTA). The network operator, handset OEM or in some cases even the end-user (usually via a web portal) can use Device Management, also known as Mobile Device Management, or MDM, to update the handset firmware/OS, install applications and fix bugs, all over the air. Thus, large numbers of devices can be managed with single commands and the end-user is freed from the requirement to take the phone to a shop or service center to refresh or update.

Information Maintenance

– get time
– set system data (OS parameters)
– get process information (id, time used)

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Operating System Services

- Program execution – system capability to load a program into memory and to run it.

- I/O operations - since user programs cannot execute I/O operations directly, the operating system must provide some means to perform I/O.

- File-system manipulation – program capability to read, write, create, and delete files.

- Communications – exchange of information between processes executing either on the same computer or on different systems tied together by a network. Implemented via shared memory or message passing.

- Error detection – ensure correct computing by detecting errors in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, or in user programs.

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

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SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Operating Systems Process management

- In operating systems, process is defined as “A program in execution” [10]. Process can be

considered as an entity that consists of a number of elements, including: identifier, state, priority, program counter, memory pointer, context data, and I/O request. The above information about a process is usually stored in a data structure, typically called process block. Figure 1 shows a simplified process block [10]. Because process management involves scheduling (CPU scheduling, I/O scheduling, and so on), state switching, and resource management, process block is one of the most commonly accessed data type in operating system. Its design directly affects the efficiency of the operating system. As a result, in most operating systems, there is a data object that contains information about all the current active processes. It is called process controller. Figure 2 shows the structure of a process controller [10], which is implemented as a linked-list of process blocks. In order to achieve high efficiency, process controller is usually implemented as a global variable that can be accessed by both the kernel modules and nonkernel modules. For example, any time a new process (task) is created, the module that created this process should be able to access the process controller to add this new process. Therefore, process controller – the data object that controls the current active process – is usually implemented as a category-5 global variable. This means, both the kernel modules and nonkernel modules can access process controller to change its fields and these changes can affect the uses of process controller in kernel modules.

Main Memory Management

- the act of managing computer memory. In its simpler forms, this involves providing ways to allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and freeing it for reuse when no longer needed. The management of main memory is critical to the computer system.

- tricky compromise between performance (access time) and quantity (available space). We always seek the maximum available memory space but we are rarely prepared to compromise on performance. Memory management must also perform the following functions:

> allow memory sharing (for a multi-threaded system);

> allocate blocks of memory space for different tasks;

> protect the memory spaces used (e.g. prevent a user from changing a task performed by another user);

> optimise the quantity of available memory, specifically via memory expansion systems.

File Management

- A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Commonly, files represent programs (both source and object forms) and data.

- The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with file management:

> File creation and deletion.
> Directory creation and deletion.
> Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories.
> Mapping files onto secondary storage.
> File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.

INPUT / OUTPUT SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

- The I/O system consists of:
> A buffer-caching system
> A general device-driver interface
> Drivers for specific hardware devices

Secondary Storage System

- Main memory (primary storage) is volatile and too small to accommodate all data and programs permanently, the computer system must provide secondary storage to back up main memory.

- Modern computer systems use disks as the principle on-line storage medium, for both programs and data.

- The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with disk management:

> Free space management
> Storage allocation
> Disk scheduling

Protection System

- A mechanism for controlling access by programs, processes, or users to both system and user resources.

- The protection mechanism must:

> distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage.
> specify the controls to be imposed.
> provide a means of enforcement.

Command Interpreter System

- Many commands are given to the operating system by control statements which deal with:

>process creation and management

>I/O handling
>secondary-storage management
>main-memory management
>file-system access
>protection
>networking

HARDWARE PROTECTION

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HARDWARE PROTECTION

@Dual-Mode Operation

• Sharing system resources requires operating system to ensure that an incorrect program cannot cause other programs to execute incorrectly.

• Provides hardware support to differentiate between at least twmodes of operations.

1. User mode – execution done on behalf of a user.

2. Kernel mode (also monitor mode, supervisor mode or system mode) – execution done on behalf of operating system.

• Mode bit added to computer hardware to indicate the currenmode: kernel (0) or user (1).

• When an interrupt or fault occurs hardware switches to kernel mode.

• Privileged instructions can be issued only in kernel mode.

@ I/O OPERATION

• All I/O instructions are privileged instructions.

• System call – the method used by a process to request action by the operating system.

– Usually takes the form of a trap to a specific location in the interrupt vector.

– Control passes through the interrupt vector to a service routine in the OS, and the mode bit is set to kernel mode.

– The kernel verifies that the parameters are correct and legal, executes the request, and returns control to the instruction following the system call.

• Must ensure that a user program could never gain control of the computer in kernel mode. Otherwise, undesirable actions can be done e.g. a user program that, as part of its execution, stores a new address in the interrupt vector.

@MEMORY PROTECTION

• Must provide memory protection at least for the interrupt vectoand the interrupt service routines.

• In order to have memory protection, add two registers that determine the range of legal addresses a program may access

– base register – holds the smallest legal physical memoryaddress.

– Limit register – contains the size of the range

• Memory outside the defined range is protected.

@CPU PROTECTION

Timer – interrupts computer after specified period to ensure operating system maintains control.

– Timer is decremented every clock tick.

– When timer reaches the value 0, an interrupt occurs.

• Timer commonly used to implement time sharing.

• Time also used to compute the current time.

• Load-timer is a privileged instruction.

STORAGE HIERARCHY

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STORAGE HIERARCHY

Clarify the ``guarantees'' provided at different settings of the persistence spectrum without binding the application to a specific environment or set of storage devices, MBFS implements the continuum, in part, with a logical storage hierarchy.
The hierarchy is defined by N levels:

The hierarchy is defined by N levels:

1.LM

(Local Memory storage): very high-speed volatile storage located on the machine creating the file.

2.LCM

(Loosely Coupled Memory storage): high-speed volatile storage consisting of the idle memory space available across the system.

3.-N DA

(Distributed Archival storage): slower speed stable storage space located across the system.
Logically, decreasing levels of the hierarchy are characterized by stronger persistence, larger storage capacity, and slower access times. The LM level is simply locally addressable memory (whether on or off CPU). The LCM level combines the idle memory of machines throughout the system into a loosely coupled, and constantly changing, storage space. The DA level may actually consist of any number of sub-levels (denoted DA1, DA2, ..., DAn) each of increasing persistence (or capacity) and decreasing performance. LM data will be lost if the current machine crashes or loses power. LCM data has the potential to be lost if one or more machines crash or lose power. DA data is guaranteed to survive power outages and machine crashes. Replication and error correction are provided at the LCM and DA levels to improve the persistence offered by those levels.

Each level of the logical MBFS hierarchy is ultimately implemented by a physical storage device. LM is implemented using standard RAM on the local machine and LCM using the idle memory of workstations throughout the network. The DA sub-levels must be mapped to some organization of the available archival storage devices in the system. The system administrator is expected to define the mapping via a system configuration file. For example, DA-1 might be mapped to the distributed disk system while DA-2 is mapped to the distributed tape system.

@ CACHING

Copying information into faster storage system; main memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary storage.

@ COHERENCY AND CONSISTENCY

STORAGE STRUCTURE

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STORAGE STRUCTURE

@ MAIN MEMORY

The main memory of the computer is also known as RAM, standing for Random Access Memory.
It is constructed from integrated circuits and needs to have electrical power in order to maintain its information.

When power is lost, the information is lost too! It can be directly accessed by the CPU. The access time to read or write any particular byte are independent of whereabouts in the memory that byte is, and currently is approximately 50 nanoseconds (a thousand millionth of a second).

This is broadly comparable with the speed at which the CPU will need to access data. Main memory is expensive compared to external memory so it has limited capacity.

The capacity available for a given price is increasing all the time. For example many home Personal Computers now have a capacity of 16 megabytes (million bytes), while 64 megabytes is commonplace on commercial workstations.

The CPU will normally transfer data to and from the main memory in groups of two, four or eight bytes, even if the operation it is undertaking only requires a single byte.

@ MAGNETIC DISK

A memory device, such as a floppy disk, a hard disk, or a removable cartridge, that is covered with a magnetic coating on which digital information is stored in the form of microscopically small, magnetized needles.

Rigid metal or glass platters covered with magnetic recording material

– Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided into sectors.

– The disk controller determines the logical interaction between the device and the computer.

* MOVING HEAD DISK MECHANISM

@MAGNETIC TAPES

Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of plastic.

Nearly all recording tape is of this type, whether used for recording audio or video or for computer data storage. It was originally developed in Germany, based on the concept of magnetic wire recording. Devices that record and playback audio and video using magnetic tape are generally called tape recorders and video tape recorders respectively. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape can be called a tape drive, a tape unit, or a streamer.

2009-06-23T03:40:00.000-07:00

1. Bootstrap Program

Bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system.

2. Difference of Interrupt and trap and their use.

Interrupt - is an asynchronous signal indicating the need for attention or a synchronous event in software indicating the need for a change in execution.

use:

computer multitasking, especially in real-time computing.

Trap - is a device or tactic intended to harm, detect, or hinder an intruder.

use:

intended to harm, detect, or hinder an intruder.

3. Monitor Mode

Monitor mode, or RFMON (Radio Frequency Monitor) mode, allows a computer with a wireless network interface card (NIC) to monitor all traffic received from the wireless network.

Used for packet sniffing, monitor mode allows packets to be captured without having to associate with an access point or ad-hoc network first.

Monitor mode only applies to wireless networks

4. User Mode

Enables multiple virtual systems (known as guests) to run as an application within a normal system (known as the host). As each guest is just a normal application running as a process in user space, this approach provides the user with a way of running multiple virtual machines on a single piece of hardware, offering excellent security and safety without affecting the host environment's configuration or stability.

5. Device Status Table

Device-status table contains entry for each I/O deviceindicating its type, address, and state.

6. Direct Memory Access

Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of modern computers and microprocessors that allows certain hardware subsystems within the computer to access system memory for reading and/or writing independently of the central processing unit.

DMA including disk drive controllers, graphics cards, network cards and sound cards. DMA is also used for intra-chip data transfer in multi-core processors, especially in multiprocessor system-on-chips, where its processing element is equipped with a local memory (often called scratchpad memory) and DMA is used for transferring data between the local memory and the main memory.

Computers that have DMA channels can transfer data to and from devices with much less CPU overhead than computers without a DMA channel. Similarly a processing element inside a multi-core processor can transfer data to and from its local memory without occupying its processor time and allowing computation and data transfer concurrency.

7. Difference of RAM and DRAM

The difference of RAM and DRAM is:

RAM - random access memory - is a form of computer data storage. Takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random).

DRAM - Dynamic random access memory - is a type of random access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. Since real capacitors leak charge, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed periodically. Because of this refresh requirement, it is a dynamic memory as opposed to SRAM and other static memory.

8.Main memory

The main memory of the computer is also known as RAM, standing for Random Access Memory. It is constructed from integrated circuits and needs to have electrical power in order to maintain its information. When power is lost, the information is lost too! It can be directly accessed by the CPU. The access time to read or write any particular byte are independent of whereabouts in the memory that byte is, and currently is approximately 50 nanoseconds (a thousand millionth of a second). This is broadly comparable with the speed at which the CPU will need to access data. Main memory is expensive compared to external memory so it has limited capacity. The capacity available for a given price is increasing all the time. For example many home Personal Computers now have a capacity of 16 megabytes (million bytes), while 64 megabytes is commonplace on commercial workstations. The CPU will normally transfer data to and from the main memory in groups of two, four or eight bytes, even if the operation it is undertaking only requires a single byte.

9.MAGNETIC DISK

A memory device, such as a floppy disk, a hard disk, or a removable cartridge, that is covered with a magnetic coating on which digital information is stored in the form of microscopically small, magnetized needles.

10. Storage Hierarchy

clarify the ``guarantees'' provided at different settings of the persistence spectrum without binding the application to a specific environment or set of storage devices, MBFS implements the continuum, in part, with a logical storage hierarchy.

The hierarchy is defined by N levels:

1.LM

(Local Memory storage): very high-speed volatile storage located on the machine creating the file.

2.LCM

(Loosely Coupled Memory storage): high-speed volatile storage consisting of the idle memory space available across the system.

3.-N DA

(Distributed Archival storage): slower speed stable storage space located across the system.

Logically, decreasing levels of the hierarchy are characterized by stronger persistence, larger storage capacity, and slower access times. The LM level is simply locally addressable memory (whether on or off CPU). The LCM level combines the idle memory of machines throughout the system into a loosely coupled, and constantly changing, storage space. The DA level may actually consist of any number of sub-levels (denoted DA1, DA2, ..., DAn) each of increasing persistence (or capacity) and decreasing performance. LM data will be lost if the current machine crashes or loses power. LCM data has the potential to be lost if one or more machines crash or lose power. DA data is guaranteed to survive power outages and machine crashes. Replication and error correction are provided at the LCM and DA levels to improve the persistence offered by those levels.

Each level of the logical MBFS hierarchy is ultimately implemented by a physical storage device. LM is implemented using standard RAM on the local machine and LCM using the idle memory of workstations throughout the network. The DA sub-levels must be mapped to some organization of the available archival storage devices in the system. The system administrator is expected to define the mapping via a system configuration file. For example, DA-1 might be mapped to the distributed disk system while DA-2 is mapped to the distributed tape system.

2009-06-18T03:48:00.000-07:00

2. Explain the goals of OS

It is easier to define an operating system by what it does than what it is, but even this can be tricky. The primary goal of some operating system is convenience for the user. The primary goal of other operating system is efficient operation of the computer system. Operating systems and computer architecture have influenced each other a great deal. To facilitate the use of the hardware, researchers developed operating systems. Users of the operating systems then proposed changes in hardware design to simplify them. In this short historical review, notice how identification of operating-system problems led to the introduction of new hardware features.

2009-06-18T03:45:00.000-07:00

1. What is the difference of OS in terms of users view and system view?

The difference between users view and sysrtem view interm in OS is:

Users view

the user view of the computer varies by the interface being used. Most computer users sit in front of a PC, consisting of a monitor, keyboard, mouse and system unit. Such a system is designed for one user to monopolize its resources, to maximize the work that the user is performing. In this case,the operating system is designed mostly for ease of use, with some attention paid to performance, and none paid to resource utilization.

Some users sit at a terminal connected to a mainframe or minicomputer. Other users are accessing the same computer through other terminals. These users share resources and may exchange information. The operating system is designed to maximize resource utilization.
Other users sit at workstations, connected to networks of other workstations and servers. These users have dedicated resources at their disposal, but they also share resources such as networking and servers.

Recently, many varieties of handheld computers have come into fashion. These devices are mostly standalone, used singly by individual users. Some are connected to networks, either directly by wire or through wireless modems. Due to power and interface limitations they perform relatively few remote operations. These operating systems are designed mostly for individual usability, but performance per amount of battery life is important as well.

Some computers have little or no user view. For example, embedded computers in home devices and automobiles may have numeric keypad, and may turn indicator lights on or off to show status, but mostly they and their operating systems are designed to run without user intervention.

System View

We can view an operating system as a resource allocator. A computer system has many resources - hardware and software - that may be required to solve a problem. The operating system acts as the manager of these resources.

An operating system can also be viewed as a control program that manages the execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer. It is especially concerned with the operation and control of I/O devices.

We have no universally accepted definition of what is part of the operating system. A simple viewpoint is that it includes everything a vendor ships when you order “the operating system”.
A more common definition is that the operating system is the one program running at all times on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being application programs. This is the one that we generally follow.

2009-06-18T03:12:00.001-07:00

3. What’s difference between batch systems, multi programmed systems and time sharing systems?

answer:

batch system is one in which jobs are bundled together with the instructions necessary to allow them to be processed without intervention.

multitasking is a method by which multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common processing resources such as a CPU. In the case of a computer with a single CPU, only one task is said to be running at any point in time, meaning that the CPU is actively executing instructions for that task.

Time-sharing is sharing a computing resource among many users by multitasking.

2009-06-18T03:02:00.004-07:00

6. differentiate client-server systems and peer-to-peer systems.

client-server systems - computing system composed of two logical parts: a server, which provides information or services, and a client, which requests them. On a network, for example, users can access server resources from their personal computers using client software.

Peer-to-peer systems - Peer-to-peer (P2P) networking is a method of delivering computer network services in which the participants share a portion of their own resources, such as processing power, disk storage, network bandwidth, printing facilities. Such resources are provided directly to other participants without intermediary network hosts or servers.[1] Peer-to-peer network participants are providers and consumers of network services simultaneously, which contrasts with other service models, such as traditional client-server computing.

2009-06-18T03:02:00.003-07:00

5. Differentiate symmetric multi processing and asymmetric multiprocessing.

Symmetric multiprocessing - in computing, symmetric multiprocessing or SMP involves a multiprocessor computer-architecture where two or more identical processors can connect to a single shared main memory. Most common multiprocessor systems today use an SMP architecture. In the case of multi-core processors, the SMP architecture applies to the cores, treating them as separate processors.
SMP systems allow any processor to work on any task no matter where the data for that task are located in memory; with proper operating system support, SMP systems can easily move tasks between processors to balance the workload efficiently.

Asymmetric multiprocessing - Asymmetric multiprocessing or ASMP is a type of multiprocessing supported in DEC's VMS V.3 as well as a number of older systems including TOPS-10 and OS-360. It varies greatly from the standard processing model that we see in personal computers today. Due to the complexity and unique nature of this architecture, it was not adopted by many vendors or programmers during its brief stint between 1970 - 1980.

2009-06-18T03:02:00.002-07:00

4. Advantage of parallel systems

Advantages of Parallel Systems -in terms of disproportionality, Parallel systems usually give results which fall somewhere between pure plurality/majority and pure PR systems. One advantage is that, when there are enough PR seats, small minority parties which have been unsuccessful in the plurality/majority elections can still be rewarded for their votes by winning seats in the proportional allocation. In addition, a Parallel system should, in theory, fragment the party system less than a pure PR electoral system

2009-06-18T03:02:00.001-07:00

8. Define the essential properties of the following types of OS:

a. batch

Jobs with similar needs are batched together and run through the computer as a group, by an operator or automatic job sequencer. Performance is increased by attempting to keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times through buffering, off-line operation, spooling, and multiprogramming.

b. time sharing

sharing a computing resource among many users by multitasking. Its introduction in the 1960s, and emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s, represents a major historical shift in the history of computing. By allowing a large number of users to interact simultaneously on a single computer, time-sharing dramatically lowered the cost of providing computing, while at the same time making the computing experience much more interactive.

c. real time

Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) is a multitasking operating system intended for real-time applications. Such applications include embedded systems (programmable thermostats, household appliance controllers), industrial robots, spacecraft, industrial control (see SCADA), and scientific research equipment.

d. network

Network operating systems typically are used to run computers that act as servers. They provide the capabilities required for network operation. Network operating systems are also designed for client computers and provide functions so the distinction between network operating systems and stand alone operating systems is not always obvious.

e. distributed

With the advent of computer networks, in which many computers are linked together and are able to communicate with one another, distributed computing became feasible. A distributed computation is one that is carried out on more than one machine in a cooperative manner. A group of linked computers working cooperatively on tasks

f. handheld

A handheld PC's operating system determines not only what you see onscreen, but also how you interact with the device and what kind of services you can get from it. The two dominant handheld OSes are Palm and Pocket PC but Symbian and Linux are both up and coming. To help you decide which OS you want on your next handheld, here's a breakdown of these four operating systems plus a few of our hardware picks to get you started.

2009-06-18T02:21:00.000-07:00

7. Differentiate the design issues of OS between a stand-alone PC and a workstation connected to a network.

stand-alone PC - a desktop or laptop computer that is used on its own without requiring a connection to a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). Although it may be connected to a network, it is still a stand-alone PC as long as the network connection is not mandatory for its general use.

workstation - is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems.

Lab Exercises - Quiz No. 1 (Third Trinal)

2009-02-25T02:17:00.000-08:00

1. What is the reason for technicians to wear special wrist grounding straps?

Answer: An antistatic wrist strap, ESD wrist strap, or ground bracelet is an antistatic device used to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD) by safely grounding a person working on electronic equipment and avoid the components to destroyed.
A wrist grounding strap is used to prevent electrostatic discharge when handling computer components. Just like a shock when walking on carpet can carry several thousand volts, it destroys computer components.

source: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_wrist_grounding_strap

2. After installing a new computer component why is it important to obtain the most current driver for it?

Answer: A device driver is a program that controls a particular type of device that is attached to your computer. There are device drivers for printers, displays, CD-ROM readers, diskette drives, and so on. When you buy an operating system, many device drivers are built into the product. However, if you later buy a new type of device that the operating system didn't anticipate, you'll have to install the new device driver. A device driver essentially converts the more general input/output instructions of the operating system to messages that the device type can understand. You need to have a newer version of your device driver because a newer version of a device driver has new features on it.

Resources: http://searchenterprisedesktop.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid192_gci211938,00.html/0,,sid192_gci211938,00.html

3. What are the steps required to install a peripheral device?

Answer:

Adding a Peripheral Device to a SystemAdding a new peripheral device that is not-pluggable usually involves the following:

1.Shutting down the system

2.Connecting the device to the system

3.Rebooting the system

How to Add a Peripheral Device to add the following devices that are not hot-pluggable to a system:

CD-ROM

Secondary disk driveT

ape drive

SBUS card

In some cases, you might have to add a third-party device driver to support the new device.For information on hot-plugging devices, see Chapter 6, Dynamically Configuring Devices (Tasks).How to Add a Peripheral DeviceBecome superuser.(Optional) If you need to add a device driver to support the device, complete the procedure How to Add a Device Driver.Create the /reconfigure file.# touch /reconfigureThe /reconfigure file causes the Solaris software to check for the presence of any newly installed devices the next time you turn on or boot your system.Shut down the system.# shutdown -i0 -g30 -y-i0Brings the system to the 0 init state, which is the appropriate state for turning the system power off for adding and removing devices.-g30Shuts the system down in 30 seconds. The default is 60 seconds.-yContinues the system shutdown without user intervention. Otherwise, you are prompted to continue the shutdown process.Select one of the following to turn off power to the system after it is shut down:For SPARC platforms, it is safe to turn off power if the ok prompt is displayed.For x86 platforms, it is safe to turn off power if the type any key to continue prompt is displayed.Turn off power to all peripheral devices.For the location of power switches on any peripheral devices, refer to the hardware installation guides that accompany your peripheral devices.Install the peripheral device, making sure that the device you are adding has a different target number than the other devices on the system.Often, a small switch is located at the back of the disk for selecting the target number.Refer to the hardware installation guide that accompanies the peripheral device for information on installing and connecting the device.Turn on the power to the system.The system boots to multiuser mode, and the login prompt is displayed.Verify that the peripheral device has been added by attempting to access the device.For information on accessing the device, see Accessing Devices.

Installing a Peripheral

If you add a first or even second device to a basic system, you may have no conflicts, but as you add more, the chances are greater for a conflict. Each device uses one or more resources of the computer, and two devices cannot generally share the same one. If the CD-ROM, sound card, scanner, etc., that you add uses the same setting as an existing board, you have to figure out where the conflict is and choose another resource.
ISA, EISA AND Micro Channel Buses
The ISA bus was the original PC bus and does not have any advanced installation features. PCs that used the EISA and Micro Channel buses still had configuration problems, but had two advantages. First, when a board is added, a setup program was run to install the board, and conflicts were identified ahead of time. Although you still had to participate in this "plug and tell" capability, it was better than the "plug and hope" offered by ISA-bus cards.
Secondly, the boards were configurable by software, which eliminated the need to set switches or jumpers on the boards themselves. If you have to change a setting, you did not have to pull the board out of the socket in order to do it. You ran the setup program and selected the configuration option.

source:http://www.answers.com/topic/how-to-install-a-pc-peripheral

http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/817-5093/devconfig-6?a=view

http://www.answers.com/topic/how-to-install-a-pc-peripheral

4. If a newly installed peripheral device does not function properly what steps can be taken to correct the problem?

Answer: Check if the product or the hardware you bought has no defect or company defects.
You should also check for driver updates for all your peripheral devices. If you're up to date, and you started having issues around the time you last updated a driver, try backing down to a lower version.

Resources: http://www.bautforum.com/archive/index.php/t-62740.html

5. Explain the technique used to help protect data on a hard drive when doing a clean install?

Answer: One of the techniques available to help protect data is to divide the hard drive
into multiple partitions. With a clean install, many technicians prefer to create one CCNA Discovery 4.0 Jonesr0
Networking for Home and Small Businesses 08/18/2007

partition for data and a separate partition for the OS. This enables an OS to be
upgraded without the risk of losing data. It also simplifies backup and recovery of
data files.

Resources: lyruzakitutorials.blogspot.com

6. Explain what a software patch is.

Answer: A patch is a piece of program code that can correct a problem or enhance the
functionality of an application program or OS. They are usually provided by the
manufacturer to repair a known vulnerability or reported problem. CCNA Discovery 4.0 Jonesr0

Resources: lyruzakitutorials.blogspot.com

ScreenShots of Operating System

2009-01-28T02:21:00.000-08:00

Screen Shots of Operating Systems

1.1Windows XP

The Windows eXPerience operating system is available as home and professional edition and are similar suitable for the use on standalone computers. The home edition is suitable for user which worked with Windows 9x/ME till now and don't need special network or security features in theire environment. If the user have used Windows NT/2000 private, in business or both, the Professional Edition is not only with a view of the administration optimally. Microsoft already encloses 10,000 drivers on the installation media of Windows XP, about the Windows update further more 2,000 drivers are available.

1.2Windows Vista

Microsoft published the new product name Vista for this new Windows Version on an event in the USA/Atlanta on 21-07-2005. This Windows Version was known under the development name Longhorn before. The installation of Vista is based on WIM (Windows Imaging format), a file-based Image Format. It compresses the contained files and can be used for the installation on several platforms from the same Image. The image on the DVD contains a pre-installation of the system directories of Windows in the Windows Imaging (.WIM) file and adapts to the hardware configuration. With the User State Migration Toolkit the user defined settings can be imported of Windows 2000 and Windows XP. An advantage of WIM images is the easy integration of new drivers and updates, the LZX compression provides the smallest file size and XPress compression the fastest compression. The installation DVD of Windows Vista already contains about 16,000 drivers, the Windows update offers further 14,000 drivers for supported hardware. There is no licence key during the Windows Vista installation necessary, in this case it start with a 30 days trial license. After this time period the activation of the operating system is inevitably with the Internet Explorer, after the start-up Windows opens only this window for activation. Windows Vista contains DRM technology for the playback of protected multimedia files.

1.3Windows 2000 Professional

Microsoft released this new Windows version 5.0, Build 2195 in February 2000. It is the desktop operating system of the new Windows 2000 platform for x86 architecture and be completed by the versions Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server. As a minimum requierement for the installation a Pentium processor, 32 mbyte main memory and 650 mbyte of free hard disk storage are needed. Microsoft had planned to develop also a operating system version for the Alpha architecture, the plans were stopped after an announcement of Compaq. Compaq restricted the support to Windows NT 4.0 with service pack 6 and not higher at 1999-08-25. Microsoft stopped the development plans for the Windows 2000 32- bit of Alpha version after that. Windows 2000 unites defined roughly the user-friendliness, pug & play and USB device support of Windows 98 and the safety and stability of the Windows NT family. The update to this new operating system is possible from Windows 95, 98 and Windows NT 3.51, 4.0. It is a multitasking, multiprocessing operating system and supports up to 2 processors of the x86 32- bit and 64 bit architecture with SMP. Threads or processes can choose between the available processors. Beside the complete revision new features and many improvements are integrated. The result is high compatibility, simplified administration, increased hardware support with over 7,000 devices, file administration and extended security functions. Applications for Windows 9x are only supported restrictedly. The installation is possible from CD-ROM or over the network from a file server. The virtual addressable storage is 4 gbyte and is managed by the Virtual Memory manager (VMM). VMM assigns the addressable storage on the actually available physical memory and the memory page file (pagefile.sys) on hard disk. The field of application of this operating system is suitable as a single user computer or as a client in company networks. The operating system is enhanced with the game interface DirectX 7.0, the Internet Explorer 5.0 made access to the Internet possible. Windows 2000 authenticates the user first at the access to files, printers or other computers. Networks are supported with the protocols TCP/IP, NWLink and AppleTalk. Windows 2000 supports the data interchange in decentralised working groups and central domains.

1.4 SuSE(linux)

SuSE GmbH (society for software and system development) is a daughter enterprise of SuSE Linux AG. SuSE was founded on 2-9-1992 of Burchard Steinbild, Hubert Mantel, Thomas Fehr and Roland Dyroff and offers a Linux distribution of its own in the European area. Additional Programs and IT services like support and trainings are offered. SuSE cooperates closely with other IT companies, SuSE Linux was certified for the Oracle 9 I database already in 2001. A green chameleon serves as symbol figure. The SuSE Linux distribution defines itself from the current Linux kernel, the X Window system and the KDE interface as standard GUI. Software can be installed over precompiled packages in the .RPM format. Driver software and applications are permanently renewed and kept on the newest stand. SuSE Linux has taken a high value in Germany/Europe. The first distribution was published in 1996 and the latest published versions can be used in the private area, or commercial area for servers. Support and services are offered for companies and private users. There are additional special software products like firewall and mail servers von SuSE.

Fdisk /DOS Based

MS-DOS FDISK Main Menu
Most DOS fdisk programs, including the fdisk program that came with the original Windows 95, are only capable of creating FAT partitions of types FAT12 and FAT16.
A derivative of the MS-DOS fdisk was provided with Windows 95, Windows 98, and later Windows Me. Only those fdisk versions shipping with Windows 95B or later are able to manipulate FAT32 partitions. Windows 2000 and later do not use fdisk, they have the Logical Disk Manager feature, as well as DiskPart.
Unlike the fdisk programs for other operating systems, the fdisk programs for DOS and Windows 9x/Me not only alter data in the partition table, but will also overwrite many sectors of data in the partition itself. Users must be sure the correct disk/partition has been chosen before using a DOS/Windows fdisk for partitioning.
The implementation of fdisk in FreeDOS has many advanced features and is free software.

2.2.2 Worksheet: NOS Certifications and Jobs

2009-01-19T01:58:00.000-08:00

5.2.2 Worksheet: NOS Certifications and Jobs

Network Operating System(s) covered:

REDHAT

Certification(s) title:

Red Hat Certified Technician (RHCT)
Red Hat Certified Technician (RHCT) is a performance-based test that measures actual competence on live systems. RHCT is the first step in establishing Linux credentials and is an ideal certification for those transitioning from non-UNIX/Linux environments.

Courses/Training required for Certification:

Becoming a Red Hat Certified Technician requires passing a three-hour hands-on exam. There are a couple of different approaches to preparing for the exam depending on your existing level of Linux expertise.

Courses you should take:

RH033 Red Hat Linux Essentials

RH131 Red Hat System Administration

RH133 Red Hat Linux Administration (and RHCT Exam)

_____________________________________________________________

Network Operating System(s) covered:

CISCO

Certification(s) title:

Cisco ASA Specialist

Cisco security certifications focus on the growing need for knowledgeable network professionals who can implement complete security solutions. The ASA Specialist certification identifies individuals who possess in-depth expertise with implementing security technologies using the Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) technologies, especially firewall and VPN functionality. Other topics include ACL, AAA, advanced protocol handling, remote access VPN, secure socket layer VPN, site-to-site VPNs, failover, and security appliance management. Cisco ASA Specialists possess the ability to describe, configure, verify and manage the ASA products and the Adaptive Security Device Manager (ASDM).

Courses/Training required for Certification:

Cisco ASA Specialist Prerequisites: CCNA Security

Cisco ASA Specialist Exams and Recommended Training:

1. Required Exam(s)

a.)642-524 SNAF

b.)642-515 SNAA

2. Recommended Training:

a.)Securing Networks with ASA Foundation

b.)Securing Networks with ASA Advanced

_____________________________________________________________

Network Operating System(s) covered:

The Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) credential is the premier certification for professionals who analyze the business requirements and design and implement the infrastructure for business solutions based on the Microsoft Windows 2000 platform and Microsoft Windows Server System. Implementation responsibilities include installing, configuring, and troubleshooting network systems. Learn more about MCSE job functions by reading the MCSE Job Task Analysis (Microsoft Word 925 KB).

Courses/Training required for Certification:

Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) Certification

Courses/ Training required for Certification:

The Windows 2000 track of the MCSE credential is designed for information technology (IT) professionals working in the typically complex computing environment of medium to large organizations.An MCSE candidate should have at least one year of experience implementing and administering a network operating system in environments with the following characteristics:

200 to 26,000 supported users
Five to 150 physical locations
Typical network services and applications including file and print, database, messaging, proxy server or firewall, dial-in server, desktop management, and Web hosting
Connectivity needs including connecting individual offices and users at remote locations to the corporate network and connecting corporate networks to the Internet
Implementing and administering a desktop operating system
Designing a network infrastructureFor more information on additional requirements to earn the MCSE credential, see the MCSE Certification Requirements

_____________________________________________________________

NETWORK JOBS AVAILABLE

1) h3 align=center>WEB DEVELOPER

Qualifications :

Male 23-30 years old

- Must be a graduate a four (4) year course graduate of BS Information Technology, Computer Science, or equivalent

- Must have good command of English language

- Capable of speaking to wide array of individuals

- Must have working knowledge in Windows-based computing environments

- Must be familiar with the inner working of websites

- Must have keen eye for spotting possible trouble areas and the sensibility to think of solutions

- Knowledgable in Web Programming (DHTML + ASP / PHP / JSP)

- Knowledgable in Web Designing (Dreamweaver, Flash, Photoshop, Corel Draw)

- Knowledgable in WAP, SMS Scripting

- Knowledgable in DB handling (SQL, Oracle, ODBC/OLE via ADO)

- Must be outspoken and confident

- Must be passionate & dedicated to finish any task at hand

- Can handle stress and pressure well

- Must be willing to work in Greenhills, San Juan

Interested applicants may hand-carry their resume at:

TEMPS AND STAFFERS INC.

2/F Servicio Filipino Bldg.,

105 West Avenue, Quezon City

Email:maila@tempsandstaffers.com

Tel: 376-6887 local 109

Look for: Ms. Maila P. Hermosura

Walk-in applicants will be interviewed immediately.

2.) DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR / SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATOR

Qualifications:

· Graduate of B.S. Computer Science, Computer Engineering or related course.

· Preferably with related experience;

· knowledgeable in LINUX administration with background in networking;

· Experience in database (MS access, SQL Server) preferred.

_______________________________________

2.2.2 Worksheet: Diagnostic Software

1. Based on your research, list at least two different hard drive manufacturers.

Seagate
Maxtor2

2. Based on your research, choose a hard drive manufacturer. Does this manufacturer offer hard drive diagnostic software to go with their products? If so, list the name and the features of the diagnostic software.

Manufacturer: Seagate Technology

Software Name: Seagate Seatools 1.1.3.2

File Name: SeatoolsForWindows.msi

File Size: 2.23 MB

Version: 1.1.3.2

Published date: February 27, 2008 updated

Description:

Seatools for Windows is a comprehensive, easy to use diagnostic tool that helps you quickly determine the condition of disc drive in your external hard drive, desktop or notebook computers. It tests USB, 1394, ATA(PATA/IDE), SATA, and SCSI drives.

Latest Components

2009-01-14T02:39:00.000-08:00

SOFTWARE

Microsoft unveils latest operating system Windows 7

Software giant Microsoft on Tuesday unveiled Windows 7, saying its latest operating system won't be as annoying.

At the company' Professional Developers Conference here, Microsoft said the new version will not have the rampant notifications that have irked many users of Windows Vista.

People can choose to see fewer alerts and warnings from their computers in the new Windows 7, said the company, adding that people will be able to test out the next version of Windows early next year.

The design of Windows 7 will make it easier for people to switch between open windows, files and applications. It also is supposed to give PC users faster access to recently used files, making home networking more automatic, according to the company.

And overall, the version is faster and can run on less-powerful computers, said the company.

Windows 7, the successor to Windows Vista

Solaris Operating System

The Solaris Operating System—supported on over 1000 x86 and SPARC platforms—delivers the performance, stability and security your users and customers demand. With more applications available than for any other open operating system, one OS can span your entire enterprise: the Web tier, the data warehouse, and the most demanding technical compute applications. Moving to Solaris 10 is easy, whether you're upgrading from an older Solaris release or migrating from another OS.

FEATURES:

1.) Virtualization for Business in Real-Time

Sun provides the full spectrum of technologies needed today to build a virtual enterprise and is on the cutting edge of innovative technologies that will improve Virtualization in the future. Virtualization is another way that Sun provides enterprise-wide solutions, anywhere, anytime. Connecting to required resources and managing them intelligently is Sun's commitment—no matter where they exist, or what technology is necessary to provide them.

2.) Sun provides developers and systems administrators with a superior alternative for building and deploying Web services and applications. Using the Solaris 10 OS plus Sun's optimized Apache, MySQL, and PHP/Perl/Python stack (Solaris OS + AMP), you can easily develop and test AMP-based applications; and deploy them faster and more efficiently than commercial or other open-source options. By leveraging the following five easy steps – Sun's "recipe for success" guideline – you can get AMP based Web tier applications up and running quickly and affordably while taking advantage of Sun's multiple levels of assistance and support.

3.) High Availability Learning CenterKeep your business
-critical applications and essential services up and running 24x7. Simplify administration. Be proactive and guard against unplanned disruptions. Build operational resiliency. With the Solaris 10 Operating System and Solaris Cluster software, you get best-in-class, high availability so you can increase uptime through

4.) Secure Your Web Servers with Solaris 10
Sun makes it simple to deliver sophisticated web services right out of the box by integrating and supporting the open source Apache Web server with Solaris.
»
Safely host multiple Web servers on a single system with complete fault and security isolation with Solaris Containers
»
Increase your web server availability and reliability with Predictive Self-Healing and its Apache manifest
»
Increase the security of your Web servers in the event of a security compromise by leveraging Solaris 10 features like User and Process Right Management
»
Maximize performance and availability for your Web services using Solaris Dynamic Tracing (DTrace)

LATEST OPERATING SYSTEM FROM LINUX

Mandriva is proud to present its latest distribution: Mandriva Linux 2009. This new version has been designed to meet the expectations of our users and offers an ever more efficient solution to their needs.
Mandriva Linux 2009 goes further in its innovations and offers a thoroughly modern and cutting-edge graphical environment: KDE 4.1. Personalizable, modular, scalable, and full of visual effects that enhance the environment, KDE's new version is usable everywhere, from the oldest hardware to the newest.
Mandriva’s team has gone to great lengths to integrate this new environment in a way that ensures everyone can jump right in to using it, with a customized graphical theme, careful choice of the most powerful applications, and a default configuration tuned to your system's particular hardware.
Beyond the features that contributed to the success of Mandriva Linux 2008 and Mandriva Linux 2008 Spring, Mandriva Linux 2009 integrates the latest innovations, from office applications to the latest virtualization technologies. Mandriva Linux 2009 gives you not only the most advanced andeasy-to-use Linux operating system on the market but also the latest software demanded by the community.

Changes include:

An updated set of commercial applications in the Powerpack edition: Fluendo audio and video codecs, advanced touching-up of digital images with LightZone, virtualisation with VmWare, and Google applications;
Complete overhaul of the graphic installer;
Simplification and improved reliability of application installations and updates: notification of new distribution versions via Mandriva Online, and automatic configuration of official repositories;
Latest versions of leading open source applications: integration of KDE 4.1, GNOME 2.24, OpenOffice.org 3, Firefox 3;
Faster boot time;
Improved parental control utility, now with time-based restrictions;
Installer now capable of detecting low-resource systems or netbooks, and installing an appropriate environment (GNOME is default for netbooks);Detection and optional automatic removal of packages known as orphans (packages previously installed which are no longer required) to optimize free space and future updates;
Constantly improving hardware support (kernel 2.6.27) with particular attention paid to netbooks.
Easy, 100% graphical synchronization with mobile devices: Windows Mobile 2002 and 2003 as well as Windows Mobile 5 and 6, all Blackberry devices, and many Nokia devices.
Mandriva Linux 2009 is available in three editions: Powerpack (the commercial edition, including exclusive commercial software, support, and services), One (a live CD which can also be installed to the system permanently) and Free (an edition which contains only free / open source software).

HARDWARE

Intel Launches New Desktop Processor

Following AMD's launch of its latest server chips last week, it's Intel's turn to be in the spotlight.
Intel plans to launch its newest generation of desktop processors on Monday. Called Core i7, the chips are aimed at the high-end desktop and gaming market.
The move puts Intel ahead of its rival AMD by more than a few months, as AMD's comparable desktop processor isn't scheduled to launch until early next year.
"AMD now just doesn't have a competitive chip against Intel on the desktop," says Patrick Wang, an analyst with brokerage firm Wedbush Morgan.
And until AMD launches its product, Intel is going to be the only option for consumers who want the latest chips for their computers, says Wang.
The Core i7 will be almost four to six times faster than Intel's current platform, says the company, and will have greater power efficiency than ever. It is based on the 45-nanometer production technology that first appeared in a server chip called Xeon (aka Penryn), which debuted earlier this year.
The 45-nm chips utilize smaller circuitry than the previous, 65-nm generation, making them faster, and also enabling Intel to manufacture them more cheaply.
The new Core i7 chips are based on a newly designed microarchitecture called Nehalem, which includes major design changes in areas such as power management and integrated memory control.
The first three quad-core Core i7 chips from Intel will reintroduce "hyperthreading" technology, which gives the chips the ability to execute 8 threads simultaneously on 4 processing cores, greatly increasing their processing power. Hyperthreading was seen earlier in Pentium 4 chips and some Xeon processors from Intel.
Core i7 processors are also different from their predecessors in that they have "QuickPath," a new microarchitecture that integrates memory controller into each microprocessor. QuickPath will replace Front Side Bus used in Xeon and Itanium platforms.
The move increases the bandwidth directly available to the processor, reducing lag time before a CPU can begin executing the next instruction.
"Core i7 will be one of the first Intel chips to integrate a memory controller," says Shane Rau, PC analyst at research firm IDC, "though it is something AMD has had for a while."
Intel is taking no chances with Core i7. The company has spent millions to test the chips and ensure flaws in it don't trip it up, says The New York Times.
In the past, both Intel and AMD have paid a big price for bugs in their chips. In 1994, Intel's Pentium chips sported a tiny error in floating-point calculation that led to a product recall.

Intel® Server Processors

Intel® server processors are the ideal platform for virtualization and data-intensive business applications. Powering a range of multi-core, 64-bit servers¹, Intel server processors enable you to optimize computing environments and maximize server utilization, while providing you with headroom for growth.
Large-scale enterprise computing & server consolidation

Intel® Xeon® processor 7400 series
· Extending today's lead in virtualization performance with built-in hardware assisted features and breakthrough gains in performance and energy efficiency²
· Built for data-demanding enterprise applications with up to 6 cores and a large shared 16MB L3 cache per processor, enabling more transactions per server
· More headroom, improved reliability, and the highest scalability available for large scale server consolidation and business-critical virtualization

Features and benefits:

Intel® Xeon® processor 7400 series

Leading scalable performance with decreased footprint and power demands
Industry's lowest watt per core platform with available 65 watt processor
Based on 45nm Intel® Core™ microarchitecture enabling low voltage options for ultra-dense deployments
Compatibility with previous generation Intel® Xeon® processor 7300 series

Hardware-assisted virtualization technology

Highest virtualization performance, leading on all industry standard virtualization benchmarks¹
More virtual machines on all servers
Investment protection and flexibility with Intel® Virtualization Technology FlexMigration (Intel® VT FlexMigration)¹
More efficient disaster recovery and high availability through virtualization
Broadest ecosystem support with virtualization software providers and leading OEMs

Up to16 MB, shared L3 cache

Keeps more needed data closer to the cores for access faster than off-chip memory
Intel® 64 architecture²

Enables extended memory addressability for server applications

Enhanced reliability and manageability

Many memory controller features, together with PCI Express* RAS features combine for outstanding platform reliability
Error Correcting Code (ECC) system bus, new mem ory mirroring and I/O hot-plug

Features and benefits

Intel® Xeon® processor 7400 series

Leading scalable performance with decreased footprint and power demands

Industry's lowest watt per core platform with available 65 watt processor

Based on 45nm Intel® Core™ microarchitecture enabling low voltage options for ultra-dense deployments

Compatibility with previous generation Intel® Xeon® processor 7300 series

Hardware-assisted virtualization technology

Highest virtualization performance, leading on all industry standard virtualization benchmarks¹

More virtual machines on all servers

Investment protection and flexibility with Intel® Virtualization Technology FlexMigration (Intel® VT FlexMigration)¹

More efficient disaster recovery and high availability through virtualization

Broadest ecosystem support with virtualization software providers and leading OEMs

Up to16 MB, shared L3 cache

Keeps more needed data closer to the cores for access faster than off-chip memory

Intel® 64 architecture²

Enables extended memory addressability for server applications

Enhanced reliability and manageability

Many memory controller features, together with PCI Express* RAS features combine for outstanding platform reliability

Error Correcting Code (ECC) system bus, new mem ory mirroring and I/O hot-plug

AMD to Release Quad-Core Processor for Notebooks

Advanced Micro Devices will be more than a year after Intel Corp. with its quad-core microprocessors aimed at notebooks. The first quad-core chip for laptops from AMD will only emerge in 2010.
The first quad-core central processing unit (CPU) for notebooks in AMD’s line will be code-named “Champlain” and will be the base of the code-named “Danube” platform, AMD revealed at last week’s meeting with financial analysts. There are no details about the chip, but since the processor will only emerge sometime in 2010, it has good chances to be made using 32nm process technology.
Before the “Danube” platform emerges in 2010, AMD plans to release “Tigris” platform in 2009. The forthcoming platform will be based on dual-core code-named “Caspian” CPU manufacturing using 45nm fabrication process as well as next-generation RS880M+SB710 core-logic set.
It is interesting to note that both “Caspian” and “Champlain” microprocessors will be made in the same – socket s1 3rd generation – form-factor.
According to Jon Peddie Research analysts, desktop replacement notebooks for gamers are “showing strong gains”. Therefore, it is pretty regrettable that AMD decided not to introduce quad-core mobile microprocessors in 2009. Intel already has a quad-core processor for high-performance notebooks and the lineup is likely to expand next year.While popularity of quad-core chips for mobile computers is unlikely to be high, the lack of appropriate option in AMD’s arsenal effectively means that the world’s No. 2 x86 chipmaker will not be able to compete against Intel in high-performance/desktop replacement laptop market segment.

Latest Expansion Slots

BLADECENTER HS20 FC EXPANSION CARD
Manufacturer: IBM
Part Number: 48P7061
Specifications: Data transfer rate: 2.12 Gbps ; Connectivity technology: Wired See full specs

Algoithm in installing the Operating System

Step #1: Plan your installation.

When you run the Windows XP Professional Setup program, you must provide information about how to install and configure the operating system. Thorough planning can make your installation of Windows XP Professional more efficient by helping you to avoid potential problems during installation. An understanding of the configuration options will also help to ensure that you have properly configured your system. I won't go into that part right now but here are some of the most important things you should take into consideration when planning for your XP installation: window.google_render_ad();

Check System Requirements

Check Hardware and Software Compatibility

Determine Disk Partitioning Options

Choose the Appropriate File System: FAT, FAT32, NTFS

Decide on a Workgroup or Domain Installation

Complete a Pre-Installation Checklist

After you made sure you can go on, start the installation process.

Step #2: Beginning the installation process

You can install Windows XP in several methods - all are valid and good, it all depends upon your needs and your limitations.

Manual installations usually come in 3 flavors:
Boot from CD - No existing partition is required.

Boot from the 6 Setup Boot Disks, then insert the CD - No existing partition is required
Boot from an MS-DOS startup floppy, go to the command prompt, create a 4GB FAT32

Boot from an MS-DOS startup floppy, go to the command prompt, create a 4GB FAT32

partition with FDISK, reboot, format the C partition you've created, then go to the CD

drive, go into the I386 folder, and run the WINNT.EXE command.

Run an already installed OS, such as Windows NT 4.0 Server. From within NT 4.0 go to

the I386 folder in the W2K installation CD and run the WINNT32.EXE command.

If you want to upgrade a desktop OS such as Windows 98 into Windows 2000 Professional

you can follow the same procedure as above (You cannot upgrade Windows 98 into W2K Server).

There are other non-manual installation methods, such as using an unattended file along with a uniqueness database file, using Sysprep, using RIS or even running unattended installations from within the CD itself, but we won't go into that right now. It doesn't matter how you run the setup process, but the moment it runs - all setup methods look alike.

Step #3: The text-based portion of the Setup program

The setup process begins loading a blue-looking text screen (not GUI). In that phase you will be asked to accept the EULA and choose a partition on which to install XP, and if that partition is new, you'll be asked to format it by using either FAT, FAT32 or NTFS.

1.) Start the computer from the CD.

2.) You can press F6 if you need to install additional SCSI adapters or other mass-storage devices. If you do you will be asked to supply a floppy disk with the drivers and you CANNOT browse it (or a CD for that matter). Make sure you have one handy.

3.) If you want, you can press F2 to run the ASR sequence. For that you need a good backup created by the Windows XP backup program, and the ASR floppy disk. If you plan to install a new copy of XP - don't do anything.

4.) Setup will load all the needed files and drivers.

5.) Select To Setup Windows XP Professional Now. If you want, and if you have a previous installation of XP, you can try to fix it by pressing R. If not, just press ENTER.

6.) Read and accept the licensing agreement and press F8 if you accept it.

7.) Select or create the partition on which you will install Windows XP Professional. Depending upon your existing disk configuration choose one of the following:

If the hard disk is unpartitioned, you can create and size the partition on which you will install Windows XP Professional.

If the hard disk is already partitioned, but has enough unpartitioned disk space, you can create an additional partition in the unpartitioned space.

If the hard disk already has a partition that is large enough, you can install Windows XP Professional on that partition. If the partition has an existing operating system, you will overwrite that operating system if you accept the default installation path. However, files other than the operating system files, such as program files and data files, will not be overwritten.

If the hard disk has an existing partition, you can delete it to create more unpartitioned space for the new partition. Deleting an existing partition erases all data on that partition.

If you select a new partition during Setup, create and size only the partition on which you will install Windows XP Professional. After installation, use Disk Management to partition the remaining space on the hard disk.

8.) Select a file system for the installation partition. After you create the partition on which you will install Windows XP Professional, you can use Setup to select the file system with which to format the partition. Windows XP Professional supports the NTFS file system in addition to the file allocation table (FAT) and FAT32 file systems. Windows Server 2003, Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000, and Windows NT are the only Microsoft operating systems that you can use to gain access to data on a local hard disk that is formatted with NTFS. If you plan to gain access to files that are on a local Windows XP Professional partition with the Microsoft Windows 95 or Windows 98 operating systems, you should format the partition with a FAT or FAT32 file system. We will use NTFS.

9.) Setup will then begin copying necessary files from the installation point (CD, local I386 or network share).

10.) .) Note: If you began the installation process from an MS-DOS floppy, make sure you have and run SMARTDRV from the floppy, otherwise the copying process will probably last more than an hour, perhaps even more. With SMARTDRV (or if setup was run by booting from CD) the copying will probably last a few minutes, no more than 5 max.

11.) The computer will restart in graphical mode, and the installation will continue.

Step #4: The GUI-based portion of the Setup program

The setup process reboots and loads a GUI mode phase.
It will then begin to load device drivers based upon what it finds on your computer. You don't need to do anything at this stage.

1.) Click Customize to change regional settings, if necessary.

Current System Locale - Affects how programs display dates, times, currency, and numbers. Choose the locale that matches your location, for example, French (Canada).

Current Keyboard Layout - Accommodates the special characters and symbols used in different languages. Your keyboard layout determines which characters appear when you press keys on the keyboard.

If you don't need to make any changes just press Next.

If you do need to make changes press Customize and add your System Locale etc.

Note for Hebrew users: Unlike W2K, it is SAFE and it is OK for you to install Hebrew language support at this phase.

To install Hebrew support:

After pressing Customize go to the Languages tab and select the "Install files for complex script and right-to-left languages".

A warning message will appear. Press Ok.

Warning: You must now press Apply!!!

Setup will copy the necessary files from the installation point.

You can now go to the Regional Options tab and select Israel in the Location drop-down list, and Hebrew in the Standards and Formats drop-down list. Click Ok.

2.) Type your name and organization.

3.) Type the product key.

4.) Type the computer name and a password for the local Administrator account. The local Administrator account resides in the SAM of the computer, not in Active Directory. If you will be installing in a domain, you need either a pre-assigned computer name for which a domain account has been created, or the right to create a computer account within the domain.

5.) Select the date, time, and time zone settings.

6.) Setup will now install the networking components.

After a few seconds you will receive the Networking Settings window. BTW, if you have a NIC that is not in the HCL (see the What's the HCL? page) and XP cannot detect it, or if you don't have a NIC at all, setup will skip this step and you will immediately go to the final phase of the setup process.

Press Next to accept the Typical settings option if you have one of the following situations:

You have a functional DHCP on your network.

You have a computer running Internet Connection Sharing (ICS).

You're in a workgroup environment and do not plan to have any other servers or Active Directory at all, and all other workgroup members are configured in the same manner.

Otherwise select Custom Settings and press Next to customize your network settings.

7.) One thing you CAN do (you don't have to do it, it's your call - read more about it on the Increase Internet Connection Speed in Windows XP page) is to uninstall the Qos Packet Scheduler. Click it and press the Uninstall button. If you want to keep it you can simply remove the mark from the QoS check-box. In anyway you can later install or uninstall it if you want.

Keep the TCP/IP, Client for Microsoft Networks and the File and Print Sharing options selected.

8.) Highlight the TCP/IP selection and press Properties.

In the General tab enter the required information. You must specify the IP address of the computer, and if you don't know what the Subnet Mask entry should be - you can simply place your mouse pointer over the empty area in the Subnet Mask box and click it. The OS will automatically select the value it thinks is good for the IP address you provided.

If you don't know what these values mean, or if you don't know what to write in them, press cancel and select the Typical Settings option. You can easily change these values later.

9.) In the Workgroup or Domain window enter the name of your workgroup or domain.

A workgroup is a small group of computers on a network that enables users to work together and does not support centralized administration.

A domain is a logical grouping of computers on a network that has a central security database for storing security information. Centralized security and administration are important for computers in a domain because they enable an administrator to easily manage computers that are geographically distant from each other. A domain is administered as a unit with common rules and procedures. Each domain has a unique name, and each computer within a domain has a unique name.

If you're a stand-alone computer, or if you don't know what to enter, or if you don't have the sufficient rights to join a domain - leave the default entry selected and press Next.

If you want to join a domain (NT 4.0 domain of W2K/2003 Active Directory domain) enter the domain's name in the "Yes, make this computer a member of the following domain" box.

To successfully join a domain you need the following:

The person performing the installation must have a user account in Active Directory. This account does not need to be the domain Administrator account. and

The computer must have an existing computer account in the Active Directory database of the domain that the computer is joining, and the computer must be named exactly as its domain account is named.

The person performing the installation must have appropriate permission to create a domain account for the computer during installation.

Also, you need to have connectivity to the domain's domain controllers (only to the PDC if on an NT 4.0 domain) and a fully functional DNS server (only in AD domains). Read the Joining a Domain in Windows XP Pro and Requirements when Joining a Domain pages for more on this issue. Enter the Active Directory domain name (in the form of xxx.yyy, for example: DPETRI.NET) or the NetBIOS name of the NT 4.0 domain (in the form of xxx, for example: DPETRI). Press Next.

Note: If you provide a wrong domain name or do not have the correct connectivity to the domain's DNS server you will get an error message. A username/password window will appear. Enter the name and password of the domain's administrator (or your own if you're the administrator on the target domain).

Note: Providing a wrong username or password will cause this phase to fail.

My Own PC

2008-11-17T02:18:00.000-08:00

This is the hardware and software of my Latest PC

My Monitor:

This is my latest monitor it has a Triple Monitor which is portable and nice in resolution. This is the Latest and salable monitor in the Market now.

My Case:

This is my case this is design for old time fashioned. It is nice in design and output.

My Mother Board: Asus Intel Core 2.

This the my Latest nForce 790i-powered Pinot Noir motherboard, part of the latest ASUS Republic of Gamers series, is now being showcased at CeBIT. What's uncommon about this motherboard is the unique water cooling solution for its major components. Furthermore this board can work with the latest Intel 45nm CPUs and utilize 4x DDR3 modules, three PCI-E 2.0 x16 slots and six SATA 3.0 Gbps connectors.

My Latest Video Card:

This is my video card the Asus EN8600GTS/HTDP/256M will be released and bundled with the much anticipated first person shooter game S.T.A.L.K.E.R: Shadows of Chernobyl. Equipped with 256MB of DDR3 memory and able to support NVIDIA‘s SLI technology, the graphics card is designed with the gamer's graphics expectations in mind. The card is the official global bundle partner of S.T.A.L.K.E.R. In line with this, ASUS's G1 gaming series laptop – testament to its gaming-oriented design, also features in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game itself.

The ASUS EN8600GTS utilizes NVIDIA's unified architecture with GigaThread technology to deliver the finest graphics and visual special effects. With full support for NVIDIA SLI technology and Microsoft DirectX 10 and Shader Model 4.0, this graphics card will make use of the graphical enhancements from Microsoft Windows Vista to enable stunning and complex special effects. The ASUS EN8600GTS will also feature true 128-bit floating point high dynamic-range (HDR) lighting and NVIDIA Quantum Effects technology. Besides being bundled together with S.T.A.L.K.E.R, the ASUS EN8600GTS also comes with exclusive ASUS applications. One key feature of the ASUS EN6800GTS is full HDCP compliancy – allowing users playback of HD DVD, Blu-Ray Discs and other protected content at full HD resolutions. Furthermore, the ASUS EN8600GTS comes with a host of input and output solution. Utilizing the PCI-Express slot, this graphics card also has TV-Out, HDTV-Out, Dual DVI-I (supports two 3840 x 2400 at 30Hz resolution displays) and VGA outputs.

My Latest Keyboard and Mouse:

It features a U-shaped constant curve and a cushioned, contoured palm rest that ensures natural comfort to the hands and fingers while typing. The cordless keyboard also comes with a cordless laser mouse. Both, the keyboard and the mouse feature a battery indicator light to alert people when the battery power is low. The ambidextrous-capable laser mouse offers pixel-precise laser tracking and a comfortable, soft rubber grip.

Logitech boasts that keys have been designed to give optimum easy-to-operate experience, allowing users to rest their hands and cradle their fingers. To enhance the productivity, the desktop wave carries a 5-degree curve, padded and soft upholstery capabilities.

My latest Web Cam:

It seems like it’s been ages since we’ve seen the smiling face of Everything USB’s Scott Clark as he uses any excuse to get photos of himself onto the internet. In this case, it’s reviewing Creative’s latest webcam, the Live! Cam Optia, that gives him the opportunity, the sly minx. Still, he puts together a damned good review as well, and the Cam Optia is one of a growing number

My latest Speaker:

The chic–looking speakers include a 40 watt total output power with a robust 5.25″ subwoofer long-throw driver and satellites with 3-piece 2″ aluminum full range magnetically-shielded driver each delivering rich and natural sound to augment the stereo experience. In addition, the SW-V2.1 1255’s wired controller features standby, volume and bass adjustments for fine-tuning to the required settings. Furthermore, there is a headphone jack for private listening and AUX line in jack for easily connecting to other audio devices such as CD, MP3 player, iPod or Zune. And if you are wondering as to what’s to be done with that extra converter cable, then well that’s for game consoles. The two stands can either be placed on the desktop or can alternatively be removed and the satellites can be hanged on wall for saving space.