First of all
You can download openSUSE now from Softpedia. I suggest you download a DVD version (x86, 86_64 or PPC) if you have a DVD-ROM drive in your PC or laptop, so you won't have to change the CDs all the time. You can also take a look at the hardware requirements and other installation methods
SECOND
Insert the CD/DVD into your drive and boot from it, you will be prompted with a boot menu, you have a couple of options here, like F2 if you want another language for the installation process (English is default) or to select the resolution and the installation source use F3 respective F4 buttons, then just select "Installation" option and hit enter. After the kernel will be loaded and you'll see a very nice openSUSE blue boot screen, the wizard appears, asking you to choose the language of the installation process and to agree to the openSUSE license.
THIRD
At the Installation Mode screen just hit next and then you have to choose your time zone for the system clock. After you've hit next at the Clock and Time Zone screen, you will have to make a big choice, select a desktop environment, GNOME or KDE are the biggest rivals right now on the Linux desktop battle, but you also have an option to choose another window manager. I suggest you stick to both KDE and GNOME, so right now, at this screen, choose either GNOME or KDE, because on the next step of the installation process, we will choose the other desktop environment as well.
FOURTH
You will see now a summary of the Installation Settings, which comes in a Standard (default) and Expert (for power users) view. I will suggest using an empty hard drive for this installation; that means no other operating system on it, ok? The partition process is automatic and it will erase all your data from the selected hard drive. Now click on the "Software" link and you'll arrive to the detailed software selection screen. Here, as I've told you a few rows above, you can select the other desktop environment (Graphical Environments section), and also more other software, regarding your needs.
FIFTH
After you have finished with the packages selection, click the "Accept" button to return to the initial screen (Installation Settings) so you can carry on with the installation process. Before you will return to the Installation Settings screen, you may see some windows that notify you about the modification in the package selection or to accept some licenses of non open source software. Now hit again the "Accept" button and an installation confirmation will appear, hit the "Install" button and the installation will begin. It will take about 20-30 minutes, depending on the software selection and specs of your PC.
SIX
When the install process is over, the system will automatically reboot and it will continue with the final configurations for the system. First, you must select a root (System Administrator) password, and then, you have to choose a hostname and Domain Name for the system. After this, you will see a screen with Network Configurations.
SEVEN
By default, your network card will be configured with DHCP (dynamic IP address), but if you have a static IP address, you must click on the "Network Interfaces" link and setup your IP manually (you must know the Netmask, Gateway and DNS from your provider). Just hit next after you've done all the settings here, and then you have the option to test your network connection. If everything is successful, click the next button and you'll arrive to "Novell Customer Center Configuration" screen, where I simply suggest you click on the "Configure Later" option and carry on with the installer.
EIGHT
Some additional installation sources will be prompted for you to register, but this will take some time and you can add them later, so I suggest you select No and then click the next button so you can opt for the authentication method. I suggest to leave it as it is if you don't know what these settings do and hit the next button again. Now, you must create a user for the system, because it's not a very smart idea to operate a Linux system as root, especially if you're a beginner.
NINE
After you have created the user, you will see the release notes for openSUSE 10.2, which you can view later on the Yast control panel. Hit next and the installer will scan and setup your computer hardware. Take a good look here to see that everything was recognized as it's supposed to be. Normally, the installer will recognize and setup all your hardware correctly, if not, you can click on the hardware component that you consider it was not set up correctly and do extra configuration.
That's it! Congratulations! Click the "Finish" button and you'll be automatically logged in into your new openSUSE machine.
OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM Mac OS
INSTALLATION PROCESS OF MAC OS
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Preparing for InstallationIf you plan to erase your hard disk or archive your current system without preservingyour users and network settings, you’ll need to note your current network settings tomake it easier to get connected again after installing Mac OS X. Go to SystemPreferences > Network, and then check for these settings:
If your network uses: Write down the following:
Ethernet, DSL, or cableconnected via DHCPNothing. DHCP
automatically configures your Internet connection.AirPort connected via DHCPAirPort or wireless network name and password provided by yourAirPort network administratorEthernet, DSL, or cableconnected manuallyInternet Protocol (IP) address (number that looks like 12.345.56.789)Subnet mask (number that looks like 10.255.255.255)Router address (number that looks like 10.208.32.2)Domain Name System (DNS) servers (optional number that lookslike 10.255.255.255, and name that looks like ISPname.com)Search domains (optional name that looks like ISPname.com)Dial-up modemTelephone number, user name, and password provided by yourservice providerDNS servers (optional number that looks like 10.255.255.255, andname that looks like ISPname.com)Search domains (optional name that looks like ISPname.com)
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Installing Mac OS XTo begin a custom installation of Mac OS X Leopard, follow these steps.
Step 1: Insert the Mac OS X Install discDouble-click the Install Mac OS X icon, and then click Restart. The installer opensautomatically when your computer restarts.WARNING: If you’re installing Mac OS X on your current Mac OS X startup disk, let theinstaller finish. If you quit, you may not be able to start up using your currentMac OS X startup disk.Double-click this iconon the Install disc.Click Restartto begin.
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Step 2: Follow the onscreen instructionsSelect the language you want to use, and then click the forward arrow. The Welcomescreen appears.The installer guides you through the installation process. Refer to the sections thatfollow for information about selecting a destination when you have more than onevolume, selecting installation options, and selecting additional software to install.
Step 3: Select a destinationOn the “Select a Destination” pane, select the volume on which you want to installMac OS X. The screen tells you how much space is required for installation.
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Step 4:
Select how you want to install Mac OS XClick the Options button to select “Archive and Install” or “Erase and Install.”
One of thefollowing screens appears:Select how you want to install Mac OS X, and then click OK. Click Continue when you’reready to proceed to the next pane.Install Mac OS XThis option appears if you don’t have Mac OS X installed on your computer or you havean early version of Mac OS X (v10.2.8) that can’t be upgraded.
Select this option toinstall Leopard on your computer.Archive and InstallSelect this option if you want to install a fresh system on your computer.“Archive and Install” moves your existing Mac OS X system files to a folder namedPrevious System, and then installs a new copy of Mac OS X on the selected volume.
Mac OS X–installed applications, such as Address Book and Safari, are archived, andnew versions are installed in the Applications folder.
Unless you choose “Preserve Users and Network Settings,” user accounts and theirhome folders are also archived in the Previous System folder.This is selected ifMac OS X is alreadyinstalled on the volume.This is selected if Mac OS Xisn’t installed.
Select the “Preserve Users and Network Settings”checkbox to import your existing useraccounts, home folders, and network settings into the new system.
User accountsinclude such things as:
 Home folders and their contents
 Preference settings
 Address Book databases
 Browser favorites
 Network settings and locations
“Preserve Users and Network Settings” also copies the existing Shared folder in theUsers folder to your new system.
Note: You can’t start up your computer using the Previous System folder, but settings,preference files, fonts, plug-ins, and other items remain available in case you needthem.
Some applications, plug-ins, and other software may have to be reinstalled after an“Archive and Install.” Fonts that were installed in the Fonts folder in the top-levelLibrary folder can be installed in your new system by copying them from the PreviousSystem folder.
Erase and Install
This method completely erases the destination volume, and then installs a new copy ofMac OS X
Step 5: Select additional software packages to install
The default installation contains all the software you need to use Mac OS X. However,the Mac OS X Install disc contains additional software—such as printer drivers, fonts,and language translations—that you may want to install. To see the available packages,click Customize on the Install Summary screen.The Custom Install pane appears, as shown on the following page. Click the arrowsto reveal specific components. Select the software you want to install, and thenclick Done.WARNING: If you erase the destination volume, everything on the volume—youruser accounts, network settings, and all of your files and folders—will be deleted.If necessary, quit the installer and back up your files before you erase the destinationvolume.
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Note: You can always use the Mac OS X Install disc to install additional softwarepackages later.When you’re ready to install Mac OS X and the selected software, click Install on theInstall Summary screen.Click the arrow toreveal components.All componentswill be installed.Only the selectedcomponents willbe installed.
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WINDOWS VISTA INSTALLATION GUIDE
WINDOWS VISTA OPERATING SYSTEM
INSTALLATION GUIDE
Important Information
This guide assumes a "clean" installation and not an "upgrade" from a previous OS. Ensure that you backup all of your important files (documents, music, etc) to CD/DVD/another hard drive before following these steps.
If you are using Hard Disks in a RAID or ACPI setup, you will first need to download the latest Vista compatible (32-bit or 64-bit) for your particular hardware before installing clean. Check with your chipset/hard drive controllers manufactures web site for the latest drivers/information before starting.
BEGINNING
After configuring the system for booting from a CD/DVD, the Windows Setup screen appears.
At this point, Setup is loading the driver files it needs to continue with installation.
Progress Bar: The next screen is a more graphical progress bar indicating Windows Vista is still working in the background.
Option Selections:
The first options you will come across are selections for Language, Time and currency format, and Keyboard layout.
Make your selections by using the pull down menus and press the Next button.
Install Now:
Here we have the option of repairing a previous installation or "Install Now."
Highlight the "Install Now" button to continue to the next screen.
Please Wait:
Windows Vista is working in the background. This may take several minutes depending on the system.
Product Key:
This screen is where you enter your product key or "CD Key" as it is sometimes called.
An option also exists to automatically activate Vista upon first coming online. I uncheck this box to ensure everything is running smoothly before activating and having issues later on. 30 days is the standard amount of time before activation is required, though some products (such as MSDN subscriptions) have 60 days or more.
After entering your product key, press the Next button.
License Agreement:
Here we see the License Agreement you must accept before continuing.
After reading the agreement, check the box next to "I accept the license terms".
Option Selections:
Here we would be able to choose an "Upgrade" install (if running setup from a previous version of Windows, such as XP) or a "Custom" (clean) install.
Select the whole box containing "Custom (advanced)" to continue to the next screen.
Product Key:
This screen is where you enter your product key or "CD Key" as it is sometimes called.
An option also exists to automatically activate Vista upon first coming online. I uncheck this box to ensure everything is running smoothly before activating and having issues later on. 30 days is the standard amount of time before activation is required, though some products (such as MSDN subscriptions) have 60 days or more.
After entering your product key, press the Next button.
License Agreement:
Here we see the License Agreement you must accept before continuing.
After reading the agreement, check the box next to "I accept the license terms".
Option Selections:
Here we would be able to choose an "Upgrade" install (if running setup from a previous version of Windows, such as XP) or a "Custom" (clean) install.
Select the whole box containing "Custom (advanced)" to continue to the next screen.
Hard Drives:
This is where you can select which hard drive/partition to install Vista on. Since this system only has one hard drive, only one place Vista can go. Advanced options are shown in the next screen shot.
This is also where you would install drivers for your ACPI/RAID/SATA controller by using the "Load Driver" option. After the installation of the ACPI/RAID/SATA drivers, your hard drives should appear as shown on the right.
If no additional drivers are needed, select the Next button.
Advanced Options:
The advanced options allow creation of multiple partitions and the option of formatting existing partitions.
After finishing your particular partition configuration that you desire, select the Next button.
Installing...:
Here is where Vista installs major components of the OS. This process can take 10 to 60 minutes depending on the system.
Reboot:
Here we see the system needing to reboot to continue installation tasks.
You can hit the Restart Now button or just allow the reboot to happen automatically after several seconds.
First Time:
Here we see a "..." progress as Vista tries to start for the first time. This process may take several minutes before going to the next screen.
Completing Installation:
Vista continues to install at this screen. Depending on system, another reboot or two may happen before the next screen is displayed.
Account Creation:
Here is where we create the first user account for the system and select an icon to be displayed on the login screen. Ensure you password your account.
After finishing entering your information and icon selection, select the Next button.
PC Name:
Here is where we can name the system for networking purposes. By default, it uses the account name entered in the previous step and adds "-PC" to it. We can also select a background for the desktop.
After making your selection, select the Next button.
Updates:
Here we can configure Windows Update with several options. I suggest "Use recommended options" or the top option for most PC users.
Time Settings:
Here is where you can set the time and daylight savings time options.
After configuring your time zone, clock settings and date, select the Next button.
Network Configuration:
Vista now asks our network configuration by asking "Home, Work or Public Place."
Descriptions are expanded on screen so I will no go into them here.
Make your selection to continue to the next screen.
FINISH:
On this screen, we are thanked by Bill G. for installing Windows Vista.
After you are done being thanked, select the Next button.
WINDOWS XP PROFESSIONAL OS
INSTALLATION PROCESS OF WINDOWS XP PROFESSIONAL
Using "fdisk" does not have to be a difficult chore. If you know what to expect, it is a rather easy task.
Note: If you are "clean" installing Windows 2000, XP Home or XP Pro, and do not wish to multi-boot your system, you do not have to run fdisk before hand as, during the install process, options for creating partitions are built in.
WARNING: Using fdisk to "resize" or recreate a partition will effectively destroy what ever information you have on your hard drive. Do not use fdisk if you wish to save any information that it may contain.
 Image 1.1: (4KB .gif)1) Boot using a Floppy: (Image 1.1)I use a Windows Me created boot floppy to run fdisk because:
I always start with CD ROM support, so I picked option 2. |
 Image 1.2: (8KB .gif)2) Virus Warning: (Image 1.2)If no partitions are detected, such as a new hard drive, the Windows Me boot disk is rather helpful in telling you this fact. At this point, do not be alarmed at the "virus warning" statement, as it is generic. At the "command prompt," in this example, A:, type "fdisk" without the quotes. |
 Image 1.3: (8KB .gif)3) Large Disk Support: (Image 1.3)Unless you have a need, ensure that you enable "Large Disk Support." Why would you "not" want this? If you have any requirements for DOS, Win3.1, Win95, or WinNT to access the partitions, you may not be able to if the partitions are greater than 2.1 GB. I selected "Y" for yes. |
 Image 1.4: (4KB .gif)4) Main Menu: (Image 1.4)The main menu offers few, but powerful options. If you have a new drive or one that has previous partitions already deleted, you may jump to that section, below, but it would be a good idea to look over this process, just in case you will need to perform it. Here, I selected "3" to "Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive." You may also select "4" to display current partition information. |
 Image 1.5: (4KB .gif)5) Extended Space: (Image 1.5)If you have more than one partition already defined, you will need to delete the ones located in the "Extended" space. Select "3" to do just that. |
 Image 1.6: (5KB .gif)6) Choose Partition to Delete: (Image 1.6)Here, you may choose which, if any, partitions you need to delete. If you want to resize your "Primary" partition, you will need to delete all existing partitions, redefine the Primary partition, then recreate (described below) the Extended partition section. I chose to delete the partition (drive) marked as "E:" here. Choose what is best for your setup. |
 Image 1.7: (5KB .gif)7) Are you sure? (Image 1.7)A prompt will appear to ensure that you know what you are doing. You must type the "Volume" name of the partition, hit enter, then choose "Y" to continue with the delete. Delete as many as you desire. After clearing out the Extended partition, you may delete the primary partition from the main menu and resize it as necessary. |
 Image 1.8: (5KB .gif)8) Create Primary Partition: (Image 1.8)Here, we need to create the Primary partition by selecting "1" from the main fdisk menu. |
 Image 1.9: (4KB .gif)9) Create Primary DOS Partition: (Image 1.9)If no partitions have been defined, select "1" to create Primary DOS Partition. If you have already created a Primary Partition, skip the next few steps. |
 Image 1.10: (2KB .gif)10) Scan Hard Drive: (Image 1.10)The hard disk will now be scanned searching for problems. Take note: This process may take a some time, a very long time on "large" drives. |
 Image 1.11: (3KB .gif)11) All available space? (Image 1.11)If you wish to create the Primary partition using all available space, select "Y" at the prompt. Otherwise, choose "N" to define something smaller. |
 Image 1.12: (3KB .gif)12) Scan Hard Drive: (Image 1.12)Again, the drives integrity is scanned. No one ever accused fdisk of being a "speedy" solution. |
 Image 1.13: (4KB .gif)13) Enter Size in MB: (Image 1.13)Enter in the amount of space, in MegaBytes, that you wish to use for your Primary partition. |
 Image 1.14: (3KB .gif)14) Updated partition information: (Image 1.14)After choosing an amount, the partition information is displayed. Here, I choose "1000 MB" for my Primary partition. Hit "ESC" to continue with fdisk. |
 Image 1.15: (4KB .gif)15) Make active partition: (Image 1.15)A warning will appear under the main menu explaining the importance of an "active" partition. Really, this is no longer required, but for compatibility's sake, I choose to make a partition active, anyway. Select "2" to set the active partition. |
 Image 1.16: (4KB .gif)16) Choose active partition: (Image 1.16)Setting the active partition is as easy as choosing the number next to "C:." In this example, it is "1." |
 Image 1.17: (24KB .gif)17) Create Extended DOS Partition: (Image 1.17)You now can create the "extended partition" portion of the hard drive. It is subject to debate whether this step is required, but, once again, for compatibility purposes, I choose to do so. Select "2" to Create the Extended DOS Partition. |
 Image 1.18: (24KB .gif)18) Choose space allocated: (Image 1.18)Choose how much space the Extended partition is allowed to use. Under usual circumstances, choose all. Your requirements may vary, but I have yet to find a reason "not" to choose all of the remaining space. |
 Image 1.19: (24KB .gif)19) Updated partition information: (Image 1.19)The partition information will be displayed, including your previous "Primary" and now your "Extended" partition information. Hit "ESC" to continue. |
 Image 1.20: (24KB .gif)20) Scan Hard Drive: (Image 1.20)Once again, the drive will be verified. |
 Image 1.21: (24KB .gif)21) Enter Size in MB: (Image 1.21)Choose the amount of each additional partition, up to the maximum size. Here, I chose 2000 MB. |
 Image 1.22: (24KB .gif)22) Updated partition information: (Image 1.22)The Partition information is displayed, as well as drive integrity confirmed. At this point, you may continue defining partitions, or exit out and define them using the setup program of a "newer" OS, like Linux, Win2k, or XP. Again, Win9x/Me does not have the option of partition creation during setup. |
 Image 1.23: (24KB .gif)23) Additional Partitions: (Image 1.23)Here, I defined 3 additional partitions, not including the Primary one, taking up all of the available space. Hit "ESC" to continue. |
 Image 1.24: (24KB .gif)24) Reboot System: (Image 1.24)You are prompted with a "restart" message. This is a vital step. Ensure that you do restart the computer before continuing with the installation of any OS. I even power down the computer, but that is not necessary. |
INSTALLATION PROCESS STARTS AFTER REBOOTING
Resource-Allocation Graph
Resource Allocation Graph SLIDE # 8:
In slide #9 the graph shows that the R1 is holding for the instance in P2, the P2 is requesting
for instance in R3 then R3 is holding an instances of P3. The R2 has 2 instances whis is holding
the instances of P1 and P2. Then the R4 is null.
Resource Allocation Graph SLIDE # 9:
In slide #9 the graph shows that R1 is holding for the instance in P2, the P2 is requesting
for instance in R3, then R3 is holding an instance in P3, P3 is requesting for instance is R2, then
R2 has 2 instances which is holding the instances of P1 and P2. The R4 is null.
Resource Allocation Graph SLIDE # 10:
In slide #10 the graph shows that P1 is requesting for instance in R1 which has 2 instances. The
R1 is holding the instances of P2 and P3. P3 is requesting instance from R2. R2 contains 2
instances which holding the instances of P1 and P4.
Resource Allocation Graph SLIDE # 20:
In slide #20 the graph shows that R1 is holding the instances of P1, then P1 is requesting for a
resource in R2, P2 is requesting intance for R1 and P2 is requesting for a resource in R2.
Resource Allocation Graph SLIDE # 21:
In slide #21 the graph shows that R1 is holding the instances of P1, then P1 is requesting for a resource in R2, then R2 is holding the instances of P2 and P2 is requesting instance of R1.
DEADLOCK
RESOURCE ALLOCATION GRAPH
A set of vertices V and a set of edges E.
�V is partitioned into two types:
* P = {P1, P2, …, Pn}, the set consisting of all the processes in the system.
* R = {R1, R2, …, Rm}, the set consisting of all resource types in the system.
� Request edge – directed edge P1 ® Rj
� Assignment edge – directed edge Rj ® Pi
�Process
�Resource Type with 4 instances
�Pi requests instance of Rj
�Pi is holding an instance of Rj
How would you know if there is a deadlock based on the Resource Allocator Graph?
� If graph contains a cycle :
* if only one instance per resource type, then deadlock.
* if several instances per resource type, possibility of deadlock.
* if several instances per resource type, possibility of deadlock.
DEADLOCK
DEADLOCK RECOVERY
{} Recovery from Deadlock: Process Termination {}
� Abort all deadlocked processes.
� Abort one process at a time until the deadlock cycle is eliminated.
� In which order should we choose to abort?
* Priority of the process.
* How long process has computed, and how much longer to completion.
* Resources the process has used.
* Resources process needs to complete.F How many processes will need to be terminated.
* Is process interactive or batch?
� Abort all deadlocked processes - this method clearly will break the deadlock cycle, but at a great expense, since these processes may have computed for a long time, and the results of these partial computations must be discarded, and probably must be recomputed later.
� Abort one process at a time until the deadlock cycle is eliminated - this method incurs considerable overhead, since, after each process is aborted, a deadlock-detection algorithm must be invoked to determine whether any processes are still deadlock.
� Minimum cost
{} Recovery from Deadlock: Resource Preemption {}
� Selecting a victim – minimize cost.
� Rollback – return to some safe state, restart process for that state.
� Starvation – same process may always be picked as victim, include number of rollback in cost factor.
{} Recovery from Deadlock: Resource Preemption {}
� Selecting a victim – minimize cost.
� Rollback – return to some safe state, restart process for that state.
� Starvation – same process may always be picked as victim, include number of rollback in cost factor.